1、Designation: D5781 95 (Reapproved 2006)D5781/D5781M 13Standard Guide forUse of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5781;D5781/D5781M; the number
2、immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Sco
3、pe*1.1 This guide covers how dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installationof subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.NOTE 1The term reverse circulation with respect to dual-wall drilling in this guide indicates that the circulating fluid is
4、forced down the annular spacebetween the double-wall drill pipe and transports soil and rock particles to the surface through the inner pipe. The term reverse circulation withrespect to dual-wall drilling in this guide indicates that the circulating fluid is forced down the annular space between the
5、double-wall drill pipe and transports soil and rock particles to the surface through the inner pipe.NOTE 1This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.1.2 Dual-wall reverse-circulation for geoenvironmental exploration and m
6、onitoring-device installations will often involvesafety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values give
7、n inparentheses are for information only. stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be usedindependently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
8、 safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series
9、of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or rep
10、lacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM
11、consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger BoringsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tub
12、e Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing
13、 and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic TestingD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the di
14、rect responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006May 1, 2013. Published August 2006June 2013. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20002006 asD5781 95 (2000).(2006). DOI: 10.1520/D5781-95R06.10.1520
15、/D5781_D5781M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is
16、 intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the
17、current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5092 Practice for Design a
18、nd Installation of Groundwater Monitoring WellsD5099 Test Methods for RubberMeasurement of Processing Properties Using Capillary RheometryD5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a Ground-Water SiteD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock3. Termino
19、logy3.1 Definitions:Definitions3.1.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordance with Terminology D653. Definitions of additional terms may befound in Terminology D653.For definitions of general terms used within this guide, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This
20、 Standard:3.2.1 bentonitecommon name for drilling-fluid additives and well-construction products consisting mostly of naturally-occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.3.2.2 bentonite granules and chipsirregularly-shaped parti
21、cles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried andseparated into a specific size range.3.2.3 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disc-shaped units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufacturerscoat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the water quality analysis).3
22、.2.4 coeffcient of uniformityCu(D), the ratio D60 /D10, where D60 is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer on thecumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D10 is the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the cumulativeparticle-size distribution curve.3.2.4 drawworksa po
23、wer-driven winch, or several winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s) for hoistingor lowering a drilling string.3.2.6 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the subsurface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or boring.3.2.5 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or a
24、 primary filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations.The gravelpack is usually granular material, having selected grain size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring device and theborehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack or gravel envelope is to act as: (1) a
25、non-clogging filter when the aquifer is notsuited to natural development or, (2) act as a formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural development.3.2.5.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean, quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a pre-packed screen may be used.
26、3.2.6 hoisting lineor drilling line, is wire rope used on the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.3.2.7 in-situ testing devicessensors or probes, used for obtaining mechanical or chemical-test data, that are typically pushed,rotated or driven below the bottom of a borehole following comple
27、tion of an increment of drilling. However, some in-situ testingdevices (such as electronic pressure transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and etc.) may require lowering and setting of thedevice(s) in a pre-existing borehole by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering rods or pipe.
28、Centralizers may be requiredto correctly position the device(s) in the borehole.3.2.8 intermittent-sampling devicesusually barrel-type samplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of a boreholefollowing completion of an increment of drilling. The user is referred to the following ASTM Standar
29、ds relating to suggestedsampling methods and procedures: Practice D1452, Test Method D1586, Practice D3550, and Practice D1587.3.2.9 mastor derrick, on a drilling rig is used for supporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoisting lines, etc.It must be constructed to safely carry the ex
30、pected loads encountered in drilling and completion of wells of the diameter and depthfor which the rig manufacturer specifies the equipment.3.2.9.1 DiscussionTo allow for contingencies, it is recommended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at least twice the anticipated weightload or norm
31、al pulling load.3.2.12 piezometeran instrument for measuring pressure head.3.2.10 subsurface water-quality monitoring devicean instrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for analysisof the chemical, biological or radiological characteristics of subsurface-pore water or to make in-situ
32、 measurements.4. Significance and Use4.1 Dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling can be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation ofsubsurface water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Dual-wall reverse-circulation drillingmethods permit
33、 the collection of water-quality samples at any depth(s), allows the setting of temporary casing during drilling,D5781/D5781M 132cuttings samples can be taken continuously as circulation is maintained at all times during drilling. Other advantages of thedual-wall reverse-circulation drilling method
34、include: (1) the capability of drilling without the introduction of any drilling fluid(s)to the subsurface; (2) maintenance of hole stability for sampling purposes and monitor-well installation/construction inpoorly-indurated to unconsolidated materials.NOTE 3The user of dual-wall reverse-circulatio
35、n drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations should be cognizantof both the physical (temperature and airborne particles) and chemical (compressor lubricants and possible fluid additives) qualities of compressed airthat may be used as the circulating medium.4.1.1 T
36、he user of dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installationsshould be cognizant of both the physical (temperature and airborne particles) and chemical (compressor lubricants and possiblefluid additives) qualities of compressed air that may be
37、 used as the circulating medium.4.2 The application of dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve soil or rock sampling,or in-situ soil, rock, or pore-fluid testing.NOTE 2The user may install a monitoring device within the same borehole wherein sampling, in-si
38、tu or pore-fluid testing, or coring was performed.4.3 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened- orporous-intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit,
39、andwith isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter the movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water betweenhydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice D5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device used formeasuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion
40、of a piezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should be made onlyafter consideration of the overall quality and integrity of the installation to include the quality of materials that will contact sampledwater or gas. Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers should have adequate c
41、asing seals, annular isolation seals,and backfills to deter communication of contaminants between hydrologic units.NOTE 3Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals and backfills to detercommunication of contaminants betweenThe qua
42、lity of the results produced by this guide is dependent on the competence of the personnel performingit and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 hydrologic units.are generally consideredcapable of competent and objective testing. Use
43、rs of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliableresults. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 The basic mechanical components of dual-wall reverse-circul
44、ation drilling systems include dual-wall pipe, drill compressorand filter(s), water pump, discharge hose, cleaning device (cyclone separator). The dual-wall drill advanced by the percussiveaction of an above-ground pile hammer or by rotation from a rotary-drive unit. Other methods, such as vibratory
45、 equipment sonicresonators, may be used to apply the energy required to advance the dual-wall drill pipe.NOTE 6Other methods, such as vibratory equipment sonic resonators, may be used to apply the energy required to advance the dual-wall drill pipe.5.1.1 dual-wall drill pipe, consists of an inner pi
46、pe secured concentrically within an outer pipe. Inner-pipe connections utilizepin and box components with seals. Outer-pipe connections are flush threaded.NOTE 4Drill pipes usually require lubricants on the threads to allow easy unthreading (breaking) of the connecting joints. Some lubricants haveor
47、ganic or metallic constituents, or both, that could be interpreted as contaminants if detected in a sample. Various lubricants are available that havecomponents of known chemistry. The effect of pipe-thread lubricants on chemical analyses of samples should be considered and documented when usingdual
48、-wall reverse-circulation drilling. The same consideration and documentation should be given to lubricants used with water swivels, hoisting swivels,or other devices used near the drilling axis.5.1.2 The drill bit is attached to the bottom of the dual-wall drill pipe and provides the soil- or rock-c
49、utting capability. Drill bittypes include tricone roller, down-the-hole (DTH) hammer or, open faced. Drill bit selection should be based upon the characterof the soils or rocks penetrated. DTH lubricants should be documented.NOTE 5In North America, the sizes of casings bits, drill rods and core barrels are standardized by American Petroleum Institute (API) and theDiamond Core Drill Manufacturers Association (DCDMA). Refer to the DCDMA technical manual and to published materials of API for available sizesand capacities of drilling tools equipment.5.1.3 Th
