1、Designation: D5781/D5781M 13D5781/D5781M 18Standard Guide forUse of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Water Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5781/D5781M; the number imm
2、ediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 Th
3、is guide covers how dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installationof subsurface water-quality water quality monitoring devices. The term reverse circulation with respect to dual-wall drilling in thisguide indicates that the circulating fluid is f
4、orced down the annular space between the double-wall drill pipe and transportssoilsoil/sediment and rock particles to the surface through the inner pipe.NOTE 1This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.1.2 Dual-wall rever
5、se-circulation for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations will often involvesafety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are t
6、o be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all
7、of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized col
8、lection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard
9、is not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument
10、has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby
11、the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger BoringsD1586 Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and
12、Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil
13、and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Testing1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edit
14、ion approved May 1, 2013June 1, 2018. Published June 2013July 2018. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20062013 asD5781 95D5781 13. (2006). DOI: 10.1520/D5781_D5781M-13.10.1520/D5781_D5781M-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact
15、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been m
16、ade to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A
17、 Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste SitesD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Grou
18、ndwater Monitoring WellsD5099 Test Methods for RubberMeasurement of Processing Properties Using Capillary RheometryD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and RockD5521 Guide for Development of Groundwater Monitoring Wells in Granular AquifersD5608 Practices for Decontaminat
19、ion of Sampling and Non Sample Contacting Equipment Used at Low Level RadioactiveWaste Sites3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms used within this guide, refer to Terminology D653.3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms used within this standard, refer to Terminology
20、D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bentonitecommon name for drilling-fluid additives and well-construction products consisting mostly of naturally-occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.3.2.2 benton
21、ite granules and chipsirregularly-shaped particles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried andseparated into a specific size range.3.2.3 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disc-shaped units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufacturerscoat the bentonite with chemicals
22、 that may affect the water quality analysis).3.2.4 drawworksa power-driven winch, or several winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s) for hoistingor lowering a drilling string.3.2.5 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or a primary filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well
23、installations.The gravelpack is usually granular material, having selected grain size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring device and theborehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack or gravel envelope is to act as: (1) a non-clogging filter when the aquifer is notsuited to nat
24、ural development or, (2) act as a formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural development.3.2.5.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean, quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a pre-packed screen may be used.3.2.6 hoisting lineor drilling line, is wire rope used o
25、n the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.3.2.7 in-situ testing devicessensors or probes, used for obtaining mechanical or chemical-test data, that are typically pushed,rotated or driven below the bottom of a borehole following completion of an increment of drilling. However, some in-situ
26、testingdevices (such as electronic pressure transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and etc.) may require lowering and setting of thedevice(s) in a pre-existing borehole by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering rods or pipe. Centralizers may be requiredto correctly position the de
27、vice(s) in the borehole.3.2.8 intermittent-sampling devicesusually barrel-type samplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of a boreholefollowing completion of an increment of drilling. The user is referred to the following ASTM Standards relating to suggestedsampling methods and procedures:
28、 Practice D1452, Test Method D1586, Practice D3550, and Practice D1587.3.2.9 mastor derrick, on a drilling rig is used for supporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoisting lines, etc.It must be constructed to safely carry the expected loads encountered in drilling and completion of w
29、ells of the diameter and depthfor which the rig manufacturer specifies the equipment.3.2.9.1 DiscussionTo allow for contingencies, it is recommended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at least twice the anticipated weightload or normal pulling load.3.2.10 subsurface water-quality monitori
30、ng devicean instrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for analysisof the chemical, biological or radiological characteristics of subsurface-pore water or to make in-situ measurements.4. Significance and Use4.1 Dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling can be used in support of geoenviro
31、nmental exploration and for installation ofsubsurface water-quality water quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and consolidated materials. sediment or bedrock.Dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling methods permit allows for the collection of water-quality water quality samples at anymostdept
32、h(s), allows the setting of temporary casing during drilling, cuttings samples can be taken continuously as circulation ismaintained at all times during drilling. and continual sampling of cuttings while drilling fluid is circulating, if warranted or needed.Other advantages of the dual-wall reverse-
33、circulation drilling method include: include, but are not limited to: (1) the capability ofD5781/D5781M 182drilling without the introduction of any drilling fluid(s) (for example, drilling mud or similar) to the subsurface; (2) maintenanceof holeborehole stability for sampling purposes and monitor-w
34、ell monitoring well installation/construction in poorly-indurated tounconsolidated materials.sediment.4.1.1 The user of dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installationsshould be cognizant of both the physical (temperature and airborne partic
35、les) and chemical (compressor lubricants andpossibleother fluid additives) qualities of compressed air that may be used as the circulating medium.4.2 The application of dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve soil or rock sampling,or in-situ soil, in situ s
36、oil/sediment, rock, or pore-fluid testing.NOTE 2The user may install a monitoring device within the same borehole wherein sampling, in-situ in situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring wasperformed.4.3 The subsurface water-quality water quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist
37、 generally of ascreened- or porous-intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intakeunit, and with isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter the vertical movement of fluids or infiltration of surface waterbetween hydrolo
38、gic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice D5092). Inasmuch as Since a piezometer is primarily a deviceused for measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a piezometer to a water-quality water quality monitoring deviceshould be made only after consideration of the overall qualit
39、y and integrity of the installation to include the quality of materialsthat will contact sampled water or gas. Both water-quality water quality monitoring devices and piezometers should have adequatecasing seals, annular isolation seals, and backfills to deter communicationcross-communication of con
40、taminants betweenhydrologichydrogeologic units.NOTE 3The quality of the results produced by this guide is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capa
41、ble of competent and objective testing. Usersof this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 The basic mechani
42、cal components of dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling systems include dual-wall pipe, drill compressorand filter(s), water pump, discharge hose, cleaning device (cyclone separator). The dual-wall drill advanced by the percussiveaction of an above-ground pile hammer or by rotation from a rotary-dr
43、ive unit. Other methods, such as vibratory equipment sonicresonators, may be used to apply the energy requiredneeded to advance the dual-wall drill pipe.5.1.1 dual-wall drill pipe, consists of an inner pipe secured concentrically within an outer pipe. Inner-pipe connections utilizepin and box compon
44、ents with seals. Outer-pipe connections are flush threaded.NOTE 4Drill pipes usually require lubricants on the threads to allow easy unthreading (breaking) of the connecting joints. Some lubricants haveorganic or metallic constituents, or both, that could be interpreted as contaminants if detected i
45、n a water quality sample. Various lubricants are availablethat have components of known chemistry. The effect of pipe-thread lubricants on chemical analyses of samples should be considered and documentedwhen using dual-wall reverse-circulation drilling. The same consideration and documentation shoul
46、d be given to lubricants used with water swivels,hoisting swivels, or other devices used near the drilling axis.5.1.2 The drill bit is attached to the bottom of the dual-wall drill pipe and provides the soil- or rock-cutting capability. Drill bittypes include tricone roller, down-the-hole (DTH) hamm
47、er or, open faced. Drill bit selection should be based upon the characterof the soilssoils/sediment or rocks encountered and penetrated. DTH lubricants should be documented.NOTE 5In North America, the sizes of casings bits, drill rods and core barrels are standardized by American Petroleum Institute
48、 (API) and theDiamond Core Drill Manufacturers Association (DCDMA). Refer to the DCDMA technical manual and to published materials of API for available sizesand capacities of drilling tools equipment.5.1.3 The air compressor and filter(s) should provide an adequate volume of air for removal of cutti
49、ngs without significantcontamination generated at the drill bit.Air requirements will vary depending upon the size and configuration of the drill pipe used,and the character of the soilsoil/sediment and rock encountered and penetrated. The air-flow rates are usually based on maintainingan upflow air velocity of about 1400 m/min 4500 ft/min.5.1.4 The quality of compressed air entering the borehole and the quality of air discharged from the borehole and air-cleaningdevices mustshould be considered. If not adequately filtered, the air produced by most oil-lub
