1、Designation: D 5782 95 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forUse of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for GeoenvironmentalExploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5782; the number immediately following the designation
2、indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers how direct (straigh
3、t) air-rotary drill-ing procedures may be used for geoenvironmental explorationand installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring de-vices.NOTE 1The term direct with respect to the air-rotary drilling methodof this guide indicates that compressed air is injected through a drill-rodcolumn to a r
4、otating bit. The air cools the bit and transports cuttings to thesurface in the annulus between the drill-rod column and the borehole wall.NOTE 2This guide does not include considerations for geotechnicalsite characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.1.2 Direct air-rotary drilling for
5、 geoenvironmental explora-tion will often involve safety planning, administration, anddocumentation. This guide does not purport to specificallyaddress exploration and site safety.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for information
6、only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This g
7、uide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumsta
8、nces. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument mean
9、s only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investig
10、ation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ri
11、ng-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 4428/D 4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-ingD 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring WellsD 5099 Test Methods for RubberMeasurement of Pr
12、o-cessing Properties Using Capillary RheometryD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and Rock3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology used within this guide is inaccordance with Terminology D 653. Definitions of additionalterms may be found in Terminology D 653.3.2 Defini
13、tions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originallyapproved i
14、n 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 5782 95 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM we
15、bsite.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.1 bentonitethe common name for drilling fluid addi-tives and well-construction products consisting mostly ofnaturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite productshave ch
16、emical additives which may affect water-quality analy-ses.3.2.2 bentonite granules and chipsirregularly shaped par-ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been driedand separated into a specific size range.3.2.3 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disk-shapedunits of compressed benton
17、ite powder (some pellet manufac-turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect thewater-quality analysis).3.2.4 cleanout depththe depth to which the end of the drillstring (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after aninterval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it i
18、sreferred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in thebottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft(0.03 m).3.2.5 coeffcient of uniformityCu(D), the ratio D60/D10,where D60is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % fineron the cumulative particle-size distribution cu
19、rve, and D10isthe particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on thecumulative particle-size distribution curve.3.2.6 drawworksa power-driven winch, or severalwinches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s)for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.3.2.7 drill holea cylindrical hole ad
20、vanced into the sub-surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole orboring.3.2.8 drill stringthe complete rotary-drilling assemblyunder rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill rods, andconnector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assemblyis used to determine drilling dept
21、h by referencing the positionof the top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.3.2.9 drill stringthe complete direct air-rotary drillingassembly under rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drillrods, and connector assemblies (subs). The total length of thisassembly is used to determ
22、ine drilling depth by referencing theposition of the top of the string to a datum near the groundsurface.3.2.10 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or a primaryfilter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. Thegravel pack is usually granular material, having specified grainsize cha
23、racteristics, that is placed between a monitoring deviceand the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack orgravel envelope is to act as: (1) a nonclogging filter when theaquifer is not suited to natural development or, (2) act as aformation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natu
24、raldevelopment.3.2.10.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean,quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases apre-packed screen may be used.3.2.11 grout packeran inflatable or expandable annularplug attached to a tremie pipe, usually just above the dischargeend of the pipe.3.2.12 grout sho
25、ea drillable plug containing a check valvepositioned within the lowermost section of a casing column.Grout is injected through the check valve to fill the annularspace between the casing and the borehole wall or anothercasing.3.2.12.1 DiscussionThe composition of the drillable plugshould be known an
26、d documented.3.2.13 hoisting lineor drilling line, is wire rope used onthe drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.3.2.14 in-situ testing devicessensors or probes, used forobtaining mechanical or chemical test data, that are typicallypushed, rotated, or driven below the bottom of a boreholefol
27、lowing completion of an increment of drilling. However,some in situ testing devices (such as electronic pressuretransducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) mayrequire lowering and setting of the device(s) in a preexistingborehole by means of a suspension line or a string of loweringr
28、ods or pipe. Centralizers may be required to correctly positionthe device(s) in the borehole.3.2.15 intermittent-sampling devicesusually barrel-typesamplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of aborehole following completion of an increment of drilling. Theuser is referred to the following
29、ASTM standards relating tosuggested sampling methods and procedures: Practice D 1452,Test Method D 1586, Practice D 3550, and Practice D 1587.3.2.16 mastor derrick, on a drilling rig is used forsupporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains,hoisting lines, and so forth. It must be constructe
30、d to safelycarry the expected loads encountered in drilling and comple-tion of wells of the diameter and depth for which the rigmanufacturer specifies the equipment.3.2.16.1 DiscussionTo allow for contingencies, it is rec-ommended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at leasttwice the antic
31、ipated weight load or normal pulling load.3.2.17 piezometeran instrument for measuring pressurehead.3.2.18 subsurface water-quality monitoring devicean in-strument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample foranalysis of the chemical, biological, or radiological character-istics of subsurface p
32、ore water or to make in situ measure-ments.4. Significance and Use4.1 The application of direct air-rotary drilling to geoenvi-ronmental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in situ orpore-fluid testing, installation of casing for subsequent drillingactivities in unconsolidated or consolidated
33、materials, and forinstallation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices inunconsolidated and consolidated materials. Several advantagesof using the direct air-rotary drilling method over othermethods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly throughconsolidated materials and, in many ins
34、tances, not require theintroduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotarydrilling techniques are usually employed to advance drill holewhen water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones orcollapsible soils) may preclude use of water-based rotary-drilling methods. Some disadvantages
35、 to air-rotary drillingmay include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated materi-als without using casing, and the possible volitization ofcontaminants and air-borne dust.D 5782 95 (2006)2NOTE 3Direct-air rotary drilling uses pressured air for circulation ofdrill cuttings. In some instances, wate
36、r or foam additives, or both, may beinjected into the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity andcuttings return. The use of air under high pressures may cause fracturingof the formation materials or extreme erosion of the borehole if drillingpressures and techniques are not carefully mainta
37、ined and monitored. Ifborehole damage becomes apparent, consideration to other drilling meth-od(s) should be given.NOTE 4The user may install a monitoring device within the sameborehole in which sampling, in situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring wasperformed.4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitori
38、ng devices thatare addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened orporous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with afilter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and withisolation seals and a low-permeability backfill to deter themovement of fluids or infiltratio
39、n of surface water betweenhydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see PracticeD 5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device usedfor measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of apiezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should bemade only after consideration of the ov
40、erall quality of theinstallation to include the quality of materials that will contactsampled water or gas.NOTE 5Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometersshould have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals, and backfills todeter movement of contaminants between hydrologic units.5.
41、 Apparatus5.1 Direct air-rotary drilling systems consist of mechanicalcomponents and the drilling fluid.5.1.1 The basic mechanical components of a direct air-rotary drilling system include the drill rig with rotary table andkelly or top-head drive unit, drawworks drill rods, bit or corebarrel, casin
42、g (when required to support the hole and preventwall collapse when drilling unconsolidated deposits), air com-pressor and filter(s), discharge hose, swivel, dust collector, andair-cleaning device (cyclone separator).NOTE 6In general, in NorthAmerica, the sizes of casings, casing bits,drill rods, and
43、 core barrels are usually standardized by manufacturersaccording to size designations set forth by the American PetroleumInstitute (API) and the Diamond Drill Core Manufacturers Association(DCDMA). Refer to the DCDMA technical manual and to publishedmaterials of API for available sizes and capacitie
44、s of drilling toolsequipment.5.1.1.1 Drill Rig, with rotary table and kelly or top-headdrive unit should have the capability to rotate a drill-rodcolumn and apply a controllable axial force on the drill bitappropriate to the drilling and sampling requirements and thegeologic conditions.5.1.1.2 Kelly
45、, a formed or machined section of hollow drillsteel that is joined to the swivel at the top and the drill rodsbelow. Flat surfaces or splines of the kelly engage the rotarytable so that its rotation is transmitted to the drill rods.5.1.1.3 Drill Rods, (that is, drill stems, drill string, drillpipe)
46、transfer force and rotation from the drill rig to the bit orcore barrel. Drill rods conduct drilling fluid to the bit or corebarrel. Individual drill rods should be straight so they do notcontribute to excessive vibrations or “whipping” of the drill-rod column. All threaded connections should be in
47、good repairand not leak significantly at the internal air pressure requiredfor drilling. Drill rods should be made up securely by wrenchtightening at the threaded joint(s) at all times to prevent roddamage.NOTE 7Drill rods used for air drilling jointed to ensure that thecuttings-laden return air wil
48、l not be deflected to the borehole wall as itpasses the return air were deflected against the borehole blasting anderosion of the borehole wall would occur.NOTE 8Drill rods usually require lubricants on the thread to alloweasy unthreading (breaking) of the drill-rod tool joints. Some lubricantshave
49、organic or metallic constituents, or both, that could be interpreted ascontaminants if detected in a sample. Various lubricants are available thathave components of known chemistry. The effect of drill-rod lubricants onchemical analyses of samples should be considered and documented whenusing direct air-rotary drilling. The same consideration and documentationshould be given to lubricants used with water swivels, hoisting swivels, orother devices used near the drilling axis.5.1.1.4 Rotary Bit or Core Bit, provides material cuttingcapability for advan
