1、Designation: D 5783 95 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forUse of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluidfor Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5783; the number immediatel
2、y following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guid
3、e covers how direct (straight) rotary-drillingprocedures with water-based drilling fluids may be used forgeoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurfacewater-quality monitoring devices.NOTE 1The term direct with respect to the rotary-drilling method ofthis guide indicates that a water-ba
4、sed drilling fluid is pumped through adrill-rod column to a rotating bit. The drilling fluid transports cuttings tothe surface through the annulus between the drill-rod column and theborehole wall.NOTE 2This guide does not include considerations for geotechnicalsite characterization that are address
5、ed in a separate guide.1.2 Direct-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental explorationand monitoring-device installations will often involve safetyplanning, administration and documentation. This standarddoes not purport to specifically address exploration and sitesafety.1.3 The values stated in inch-po
6、und units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is there
7、sponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action
8、. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given pro
9、fessional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D
10、653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Roc
11、k Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring WellsD 5099 Test M
12、ethods for RubberMeasurement of Pro-cessing Properties Using Capillary RheometryD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and RockD 5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoen-vironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring Devices3.
13、 Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordancewith Terminology D 653. Definitions of additional terms maybe found in Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bentonitethe common name for drilling-fluid addi-tives and well-const
14、ruction products consisting mostly of1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approvedin 1995
15、. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 5783 95 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.
16、1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.naturally-occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite productshave chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.3.2.2 bentonite granules and chipsirregularly-shaped par-ticle
17、s of bentonite (free from additives) that have been driedand separated into a specific size range.3.2.3 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disc-shapedunits of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect thewater quality analysis).3.2.
18、4 cleanout depththe depth to which the end of the drillstring (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after aninterval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it isreferred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in thebottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the neares
19、t 0.1 ft(0.03 m).3.2.5 coeffcient of uniformity Cu(D), the ratio D60/D10,where D60is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % fineron the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D10isthe particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on thecumulative particle-size distribution curve.3.2.6
20、 drawworksa power-driven winch, or severalwinches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s)for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.3.2.7 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole orboring.3.2.8 drill stringthe complete direc
21、t rotary-drilling as-sembly under rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drillrods and connector assemblies (subs). The total length of thisassembly is used to determine drilling depth by referencing theposition of the top of the string to a datum near the groundsurface.3.2.9 filter packalso k
22、nown as a gravel pack or a primaryfilter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. Thegravel pack is usually granular material, having selected grainsize characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring deviceand the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack orgravel envel
23、ope is to act as: (1) a non-clogging filter when theaquifer is not suited to natural development or, (2) act as aformation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for naturaldevelopment.3.2.9.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean,quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases apre-packed
24、 screen may be used.3.2.10 grout packeran inflatable or expandable annularplug attached to a tremie pipe, usually just above the dischargeend of the pipe.3.2.11 grout shoea drillable plug containing a check valvepositioned within the lowermost section of a casing column.Grout is injected through the
25、 check valve to fill the annularspace between the casing and the borehole wall or anothercasing.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThe composition of the drillable plugshould be known and documented.3.2.12 hoisting lineor drilling line, is wire rope used onthe drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.3.2.13 in
26、-situ testing devicessensors or probes, used forobtaining mechanical or chemical-test data, that are typicallypushed, rotated or driven below the bottom of a boreholefollowing completion of an increment of drilling. However,some in-situ testing devices (such as electronic pressuretransducers, gas-li
27、ft samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) mayrequire lowering and setting of the device(s) in a pre-existingborehole by means of a suspension line or a string of loweringrods or pipe. Centralizers may be required to correctly positionthe device(s) in the borehole.3.2.14 intermittent-sampling devicesu
28、sually barrel-typesamplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of aborehole following completion of an increment of drilling. Theuser is referred to the following ASTM standards relating tosuggested sampling methods and procedures: Practice D 1452,Test Method D 1586, Practice D 3550, and Prac
29、tice D 1587.3.2.15 mastor derrick, on a drilling rig is used forsupporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains,hoisting lines, etc. It must be constructed to safely carry theexpected loads encountered in drilling and completion of wellsof the diameter and depth for which the rig manufacturer
30、specifies the equipment.3.2.15.1 DiscussionTo allow for contingencies, it is rec-ommended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at leasttwice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.3.2.16 piezometeran instrument for measuring pressurehead.3.2.17 subsurface water-quality monitorin
31、g devicean in-strument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample foranalysis of the chemical, biological or radiological character-istics of subsurface-pore water or to make in-situ measure-ments.4. Significance and Use4.1 Direct-rotary drilling may be used in support of geoen-vironmental explo
32、ration and for installation of subsurfacewater-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and con-solidated materials. Direct-rotary drilling may be selected overother methods based on advantages over other methods. Indrilling unconsolidated sediments and hard rock, other thancavernous limestones
33、and basalts where circulation cannot bemaintained, the direct-rotary method is a faster drilling methodthan the cable-tool method. The cutting samples from direct-rotary drilled holes are usually as representative as thoseobtained from cable-tool drilled holes however, direct-rotarydrilled holes usu
34、ally require more well-development effort. Ifhowever, drilling of water-sensitive materials (that is, friablesandstones or collapsible soils) is anticipated, it may precludeuse of water-based rotary-drilling methods and other drillingmethods should be considered.4.1.1 The application of direct-rotar
35、y drilling to geoenviron-mental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in-situ orpore-fluid testing, or installation of casing for subsequentdrilling activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials.Several advantages of using the direct-rotary drilling methodare stability of the borehole w
36、all in drilling unconsolidatedformations due to the buildup of a filter cake on the wall. Themethod can also be used in drilling consolidated formations.Disadvantages to using the direct-rotary drilling method in-clude the introduction of fluids to the subsurface, and creationD 5783 95 (2006)2of the
37、 filter cake on the wall of the borehole that may alter thenatural hydraulic characteristics of the borehole.NOTE 3The user may install a monitoring device within the sameborehole wherein sampling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring wasperformed.4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devi
38、ces thatare addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened orporous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with afilter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and withisolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter themovement of fluids or infiltration of surf
39、ace water betweenhydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see PracticeD 5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device usedfor measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of apiezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should bemade only after consideration of the overall qua
40、lity of theinstallation, including the quality of materials that will contactsampled water or gas.NOTE 4Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometersshould have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals and backfills todeter movement of contaminants between hydrologic units.5. Apparatus
41、5.1 Direct-rotary drilling systems consist of mechanicalcomponents and the drilling fluid.5.1.1 The basic mechanical components of a direct-rotarydrilling system include the drill rig with derrick, rotary tableand kelly or top-head drive unit, drill rods, bit or core barrel,casing (when required to
42、protect the hole and prevent wallcollapse when drilling unconsolidated deposits), mud pit,suction hose, cyclone desander(s), drilling-fluid circulationpump, pressure hose, and swivel.NOTE 5In general, in NorthAmerica, the sizes of casings, casing bits,drill rods, and core barrels are usually standar
43、dized by manufacturersaccording to size designations set forth by the American PetroleumInstitute (API) and the Diamond Drill Core Manufacturers Association(DCDMA). Refer to the DCDMA technical manual and to publishedmaterials of API for available sizes and capacities of drilling toolsequipment.5.1.
44、1.1 Drill Rig, with rotary table and kelly or top-headdrive unit should have the ability to rotate a drill-rod columnand apply a controllable axial force on the drill bit appropriateto the drilling and sampling requirements and the geologicconditions.5.1.1.2 Kelly, a formed or machined section of ho
45、llow drillsteel, used with some rotary-drilling systems, that is joined tothe swivel at the top and the drill rods below. Flat surfaces orsplines of the kelly engage the rotary table so that rotation istransmitted to the drill rods.5.1.1.3 Drill Rods, (that is, drill stems, drill string, drillpipe)
46、transfer force and rotation from the drill rig to the bit orcore barrel. Drill rods conduct drilling fluid to the bit or corebarrel. Individual drill rods should be straight so they do notcontribute to excessive vibrations or “whipping” of the drill-rod column. All threaded connections should be in
47、good repairand not leak significantly at the internal fluid pressure requiredfor drilling. Drill rods should be made up securely by wrenchtightening at the threaded joint(s) at all times to prevent roddamage.NOTE 6Drill rods usually require lubricants on the threads to alloweasy unthreading of the d
48、rill-rod tool joints. Some lubricants have organicor metallic constituents, or both, that could be interpreted as contaminantsif detected in a sample. Various lubricants are available that havecomponents of known chemistry. The effect of drill-rod lubricants onchemical analyses of samples should be
49、considered and documented whenusing direct-rotary drilling. The same consideration and documentationshould be given to lubricants used with water swivels, hoisting swivels, orother devices used near the drilling axis.5.1.1.4 Rotary Bit or Core Bit, provides the material cuttingcapability. Therefore, a core barrel can also be used to advancethe hole.NOTE 7The bit is usually selected to provide a borehole of sufficientdiameter for insertion of monitoring-device components such as thescreened intake and filter pack and installation devices such as a tremiep
