1、Designation: D5783 95 (Reapproved 2012)D5783 18Standard Guide forUse of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluidfor Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5783; the number imme
2、diately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1
3、.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) rotary-drilling procedures with water-based drilling fluids may be used forgeoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.NOTE 1The term direct with respect to the rotary-drilling method of this guide indicates
4、that a water-based drilling fluid is pumped through a drill-rodcolumn to a rotating bit. The drilling fluid transports cuttings to the surface through the annulus between the drill-rod column and the borehole wall.NOTE 2This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterizatio
5、n that are addressed in a separate guide.1.2 Direct-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations will often involve safetyplanning, administration and documentation. This standard does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.1.3 UnitsTh
6、e values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units (given in brackets) are to be regarded separately as standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are notconsidered stated in each system may not be exactly equivale
7、nts; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two system may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 All observed and calculated values are to conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.5 The p
8、rocedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtainin
9、g the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objective;and it is common practice to increase or reduce the significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analy
10、sis method or engineering design.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicab
11、ility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not al
12、l aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspe
13、cts. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles f
14、or the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids1 This guide is under the jurisdiction o
15、f ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012Jan. 1, 2018. Published November 2012February 2018. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20062012
16、as D5783 95 (2006).(2012). DOI: 10.1520/D5783-95R12.10.1520/D5783-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM
17、website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult p
18、rior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1
19、9428-2959. United States1D1452D1452/D1452M Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger BoringsD1586 Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587D1587/D1587M Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2113
20、Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site ExplorationD3550D3550/D3550M Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of SoilsD4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic TestingD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste SitesD5092D5
21、092/D5092M Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring WellsD5099 Test Methods for RubberMeasurement of Processing Properties Using Capillary RheometryD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and RockD5608 Practices for Decontamination of Sampling and Non S
22、ample Contacting Equipment Used at Low Level RadioactiveWaste SitesD5784D5784/D5784M Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data3. Terminology3.
23、1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordance with Terminology D653. Definitions of additional terms may befound in Terminology D653.3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For defintions of common technical terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Spec
24、ific to This Standard:3.2.1 bentonitebentonite, nin drilling, the common name for drilling-fluid additives and well-construction productsconsisting mostly of naturally-occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products have chemical additives that may affectwater-quality analyses.3.2.2 bentonite gra
25、nules and chipsirregularly-shaped particles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried andseparated into a specific size range.3.2.3 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disc-shaped units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufacturerscoat the bentonite with chemicals that m
26、ay affect the water quality analysis).3.2.2 cleanout depthdepth, nin drilling, the depth to which the end of the drill string (bit or core barrel cutting end) hasreached after an interval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it is referred to after cleaning out of any sloughedmaterial
27、 in the bottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft (0.03 m)03 m .1 ft.3.2.5 coeffcient of uniformity Cu(D), the ratio D60/D10, where D60 is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer on thecumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D10 is the particle diameter cor
28、responding to 10 % finer on the cumulativeparticle-size distribution curve.3.2.3 drawworksdrawworks, nin drilling, a power-driven winch, or several winches, usually equipped with a clutch andbrake system(s) for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.3.2.4 drill holehole, nin drilling, a cylindrical
29、hole advanced into the subsurface by mechanical means. Also known as aborehole or boring.3.2.5 drill stringstring, nin drilling, the complete direct rotary-drilling assembly under rotation including bit, sampler/corebarrel, drill rods and connector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assembl
30、y is used to determine drilling depth byreferencing the position of the top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.3.2.6 filter packpack, nin drilling, also known as a gravel pack or a primary filter pack in the practice of monitoring-wellinstallations. The gravel pack is usually granular
31、material, having selected grain size characteristics, that is placed between amonitoring device and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack or gravel envelope is to act as: (1) a non-cloggingfilter when the aquifer is not suited to natural development or, (2) act as a formation stabi
32、lizer when the aquifer is suitable fornatural development.3.2.6.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean, quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a pre-packed screen may be used.3.2.10 grout packeran inflatable or expandable annular plug attached to a tremie pipe, usually just above
33、the discharge endof the pipe.D5783 1823.2.11 grout shoea drillable plug containing a check valve positioned within the lowermost section of a casing column. Groutis injected through the check valve to fill the annular space between the casing and the borehole wall or another casing.3.2.11.1 Discussi
34、onThe composition of the drillable plug should be known and documented.3.2.7 hoisting lineline, nin drilling, or drilling line, is wire rope used on the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.3.2.8 in-situ in situ testing devicesdevices, nin drilling, sensors or probes, used for obtaining mec
35、hanical or chemical-testdata, that are typically pushed, rotated or driven below the bottom of a borehole following completion of an increment of drilling.However, some in-situ in situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth)may require
36、 lowering and setting of the device(s) in a pre-existing borehole by means of a suspension line or a string of loweringrods or pipe. Centralizers may be requiredneeded to correctly position the device(s) in the borehole.3.2.9 intermittent-sampling devicesdevices, nin drilling, usually barrel-type sa
37、mplers that are driven or pushed below thebottom of a borehole following completion of an increment of drilling. The user is referred to the following ASTM standardsrelating to suggested sampling methods and procedures: Practice D1452D1452/D1452M, Test Method D1586, PracticeD3550D3550/D3550M, and Pr
38、actice D1587D1587/D1587M.3.2.15 mastor derrick, on a drilling rig is used for supporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoisting lines, etc.It must be constructed to safely carry the expected loads encountered in drilling and completion of wells of the diameter and depthfor which the r
39、ig manufacturer specifies the equipment.3.2.15.1 DiscussionTo allow for contingencies, it is recommended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at least twice the anticipated weightload or normal pulling load.3.2.16 piezometeran instrument for measuring pressure head.3.2.10 subsurface water-q
40、uality monitoring devicedevice, nin drilling, an instrument placed below ground surface to obtaina sample for analysis of the chemical, biological or radiological characteristics of subsurface-pore water or to make in-situ in situmeasurements.4. Significance and Use4.1 Direct-rotary drilling may be
41、used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsurfacewater-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Direct-rotary drilling may be selected over othermethods based on advantages over other methods. In drilling unconsolidated sediments and h
42、ard rock, other than cavernouslimestones and basalts where circulation cannot be maintained, the direct-rotary method is a faster drilling method than thecable-tool method. The cutting samples from direct-rotary drilled holes are usually as representative as those obtained fromcable-tool drilled hol
43、es however, direct-rotary drilled holes usually require more well-development effort. If however, drilling ofwater-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones or collapsible soils) is anticipated, it may preclude use of water-basedrotary-drilling methods and other drilling methods should be con
44、sidered.4.1.1 The application of direct-rotary drilling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in-situ in situ orpore-fluid testing, or installation of casing for subsequent drilling activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials. Severaladvantages of using the direct-
45、rotary drilling method are stability of the borehole wall in drilling unconsolidated formations dueto the buildup of a filter cake on the wall. The method can also be used in drilling consolidated formations. Disadvantages to usingthe direct-rotary drilling method include the introduction of fluids
46、to the subsurface, and creation of the filter cake on the wall ofthe borehole that may alter the natural hydraulic characteristics of the borehole.NOTE 3The user may install a monitoring device within the same borehole wherein sampling, in-situ in situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring wasperformed.4
47、.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened or porousintake and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and with isolationseals and low-permeability backfill to de
48、ter the movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between hydrologic unitspenetrated by the borehole (see Practice D5092D5092/D5092M). Inasmuch as Since a piezometer is primarily a device used formeasuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a piezometer to a water-quality monito
49、ring device should be made onlyafter consideration of the overall quality of the installation, including the quality of materials that will contact sampled water orgas.NOTE 4Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals and backfills to determovement of contaminants between hydrologic units.D5783 1835. Apparatus5.1 Direct-rotary drilling systems consist of mechanical components and the drilling fluid.5.1.1 The basic mechanical components of a direct-rotary drilling system
