1、Designation: D5784 95 (Reapproved 2006)D5784/D5784M 13Standard Guide forUse of Hollow-Stem Augers for GeoenvironmentalExploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5784;D5784/D5784M; the number immediately followin
2、g the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This guide co
3、vers how hollow-stem auger-drilling systems may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installationof subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.1.2 Hollow-stem auger drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring device installations often involves safetyplanning, administration, a
4、nd documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.NOTE 1This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterizations that are addressed in a separate Guide.guide.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to
5、be regarded separately as the standard. The inch-pound unitsgiven in parentheses are for information only.values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance wit
6、h the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.
7、5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in al
8、l circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this d
9、ocument means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger BoringsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SP
10、T) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site InvestigationD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System
11、)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design
12、 and ConstructionD4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic TestingD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste SitesD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and
13、 is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006Aug. 1, 2013. Published July 2006October 2013. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved ni 2000in 2006 asD5784 95 (2000).(2006). DOI: 10.1520/D578
14、4-95R06.10.1520/D5784_D5784M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM
15、standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all
16、cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5099 Test M
17、ethods for RubberMeasurement of Processing Properties Using Capillary RheometryD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and RockD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil Sampling3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terminology used withi
18、n this guide is in accordance with Terminology For definitions D653. Definitions of additionalterms may be found in of general terms, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bentonitethe common name for drilling fluid additives and well-construction product
19、s consisting mostly of naturallyoccurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.3.2.2 bentonite granules and chipsirregularly shaped particles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried andseparated into a specific size r
20、ange.3.2.3 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disk-shaped units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufacturerscoat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the water-quality analysis).3.2.4 coeffcient of uniformity Cu(D), the ratio D60/D10, where D60 is the particle diameter corre
21、sponding to 60 % finer on thecumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D10 is the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the cumulativeparticle-size distribution curve.3.2.4 continuous-sampling devicesbarrel-type samplers that fit within the lead auger of the hollow-auger column. Th
22、e samplerbarrel fills with material as the augers advance.3.2.5 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the subsurface by mechanical means. Also known as borehole or boring.3.2.6 drawworksa power-driven winch, or several winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s) for hoistingor l
23、owering a drilling string.3.2.7 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or a primary filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations.The gravelpack is usually granular material, having specified grain-size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring device and theborehole wall.
24、The basic purpose of the filter pack or gravel envelope is to act as: (1) a nonclogging filter when the aquifer is notsuited to natural development or, (2) act as a formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural development.3.2.7.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean, quartz sa
25、nd or gravel should be used. In some cases a pre-packed screen may be used.3.2.8 fluid-injection devicesusually consist of various auger components or drill-rig attachments that may be used to inject afluid within a hollow-auger column during drilling.3.2.10 grout packeran inflatable or expandable a
26、nnular plug that is attached to a tremie pipe, usually positioned immediatelyabove the discharge end of the pipe.3.2.11 grout shoea drillable plug containing a check valve that is positioned within the lowermost section of a casing column.Grout is injected through the check valve to fill the annular
27、 space between the casing and the borehole wall or another casing.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThe composition of the drillable plug should be known and documented.3.2.9 hoisting lineor drilling line, is wire rope used on the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.3.2.10 in situ testing devicessensors
28、or probes, used to obtain mechanical or chemical-test data, that are typically pushed,rotated, or driven below the bottom of a borehole following completion of an increment of drilling. However, some in situ testingdevices (such as electronic pressure transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, an
29、d and so forth) may require lowering and settingof the device(s) in a preexisting borehole by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering rods or pipe. Centralizers may berequired to correctly position the device(s) in the borehole.3.2.11 intermittent-sampling devicesusually barrel-type sampl
30、ers that may be rotated, driven, or pushed below the bottom ofa borehole with drill rods or with a wireline system to lower, drive, and retrieve the sampler following completion of an incrementof drilling. The user is referred to the followingASTM standards relating to suggested sampling methods and
31、 procedures: PracticeD1452, Test Method D1586, Practice D3550, and Practice D1587.3.2.12 mastor derrick, on a drilling rig is used for supporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoisting lines, andso forth. It must be constructed to safely carry the expected loads encountered in drillin
32、g and completion of wells of the diameterand depth for which the rig manufacturer specifies the equipment.D5784/D5784M 1323.2.12.1 DiscussionTo allow for contingencies, it is recommended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at least twice the anticipated weightload or normal pulling load.3.
33、2.16 DiscussionTo allow for contingencies, it is recommended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at least twicethe anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.3.2.17 piezometeran instrument for measuring pressure head.3.2.13 subsurface water-quality monitoring device an instrument place
34、d below ground surface to obtain a sample for analysesof the chemical, biological, or radiological characteristics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measurements.4. Significance and Use4.1 Hollow-stem auger drilling may be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration (Practice D3550, Te
35、st MethodD4428/D4428M) and for installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated materials. Hollow-stemauger drilling may be selected over other methods based on the advantages over other methods. These advantages include: theability to drill without the addition of drill
36、ing fluid(s) to the subsurface, and hole stability for sampling purposes (see TestMethodsMethod D1586, and Practices D1587, D2487, D2488and , and D2488D6151) and monitor-well construction inunconsolidated to poorly indurated materials. This drilling method is generally restricted to the drilling of
37、shallow, unconsolidatedmaterials or softer rocks. The hollow-stem drilling method is a favorable method to be used for obtaining cores and samples andfor the installation of monitoring devices in many, but not all geologic environments.NOTE 2In many geologic environments the hollow-stem auger drilli
38、ng method can be used for drilling, sampling, and monitoring-device installationswithout the addition of fluids to the borehole. However, in cases where heaving water-bearing sands or silts are encountered, the addition of water ordrilling mud to the hollow-auger column may become necessary to inhib
39、it the piping of these fluid-like materials into the augers.These drilling conditions,if encountered, should be documented.4.1.1 The application of hollow-stem augers to geoenvironmental exploration may involve groundwater and soil sampling,in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or utilization of the hollow
40、-auger column as a casing for subsequent drilling activities inunconsolidated or consolidated materials (Test Method D2113).NOTE 3The user may install a monitoring device within the same auger borehole wherein sampling or in-situ or pore-fluid testing was performed.4.1.2 The hollow-stem auger column
41、 may be used as a temporary casing for installation of a subsurface water-qualitymonitoring device. The monitoring device is usually installed as the hollow-auger column is removed from the borehole.4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist generall
42、y of a screened or porousintake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and withisolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter the movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between hydrologicunits penetrate
43、d by the borehole (see Practice D5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device used for measuringsubsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a piezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should be made only afterconsideration of the overall quality and integrity of the installation, to
44、 include the quality of materials that will contact sampledwater or gas.NOTE 4Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals, and backfills to deter themovement of fluids between hydrologic units.NOTE 5The quality of the result produc
45、ed by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this stan
46、dard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Each auger section of the hollow-stem auger-column assembly consists of a cyl
47、indrical tube with continuous helicalflighting rigidly attached to the outer surface of the tube (see Fig. 1). The hollow-auger section has a coupling at each end forattachment of a hollow-auger head to the bottom end of the lead auger section and for attachment of additional auger sections atthe to
48、p end to make up the articulated hollow-stem auger column.NOTE 6The inside diameter of the hollow-stem auger column is usually selected to provide an opening large enough for insertion ofmonitoring-device components such as the screened intake and filter pack and installation devices such as a tremi
49、e pipe.When media sampling is required,the optimum opening should permit easy insertion and retraction of a sampler or core barrel. When a monitoring device is installed, the annular openingshould provide easy insertion of a pipe with an inside diameter large enough for placing completion materials adjacent to the riser.5.1.1 Hollow-Auger Head, attached to the lead auger of the hollow-auger column and usually contains replaceable,abrasion-resistant cutters or teeth (see Fig. 1).As the hollow-auger head is rotated, it cuts and directs the cuttings to t
