1、Designation: D 5784 95 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forUse of Hollow-Stem Augers for GeoenvironmentalExploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5784; the number immediately following the designation indicate
2、s the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers how hollow-stem auger-drill
3、ing sys-tems may be used for geoenvironmental exploration andinstallation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.1.2 Hollow-stem auger drilling for geoenvironmental explo-ration and monitoring device installations often involves safetyplanning, administration, and documentation. This guide d
4、oesnot purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.NOTE 1This guide does not include considerations for geotechnicalsite that are addressed in a separate Guide.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinform
5、ation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5
6、This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcir
7、cumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocumen
8、t means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Sp
9、lit-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 2488 Pra
10、ctice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 4428/D 4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-ingD 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5092 Practic
11、e for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring WellsD 5099 Test Methods for RubberMeasurement of Pro-cessing Properties Using Capillary RheometryD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and Rock3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terminology used within this guide
12、is in accordancewith Terminology D 653. Definitions of additional terms maybe found in Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Wat
13、er andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approvedin 1995. Last previous edition approved ni 2000 as D 5784 95 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org
14、. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.1 bentonitethe common name for drilling fluid addi-tives and w
15、ell-construction products consisting mostly ofnaturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite productshave chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.3.2.2 bentonite granules and chipsirregularly shaped par-ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been driedand separate
16、d into a specific size range.3.2.3 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disk-shapedunits of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect thewater-quality analysis).3.2.4 coeffcient of uniformity Cu(D), the ratio D60/D10,where D60is the p
17、article diameter corresponding to 60 % fineron the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D10isthe particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on thecumulative particle-size distribution curve.3.2.5 continuous-sampling devicesbarrel-type samplersthat fit within the lead auger of the holl
18、ow-auger column. Thesampler barrel fills with material as the augers advance.3.2.6 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-surface by mechanical means. Also known as borehole orboring.3.2.7 drawworksa power-driven winch, or severalwinches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s
19、)for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.3.2.8 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or a primaryfilter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. Thegravel pack is usually granular material, having specifiedgrain-size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoringdevice and th
20、e borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filterpack or gravel envelope is to act as: (1) a nonclogging filterwhen the aquifer is not suited to natural development or, (2) actas a formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for naturaldevelopment.3.2.8.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a cl
21、ean,quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases apre-packed screen may be used.3.2.9 fluid-injection devicesusually consist of various au-ger components or drill-rig attachments that may be used toinject a fluid within a hollow-auger column during drilling.3.2.10 grout packeran inflatable or
22、 expandable annularplug that is attached to a tremie pipe, usually positionedimmediately above the discharge end of the pipe.3.2.11 grout shoea drillable plug containing a check valvethat is positioned within the lowermost section of a casingcolumn. Grout is injected through the check valve to fill
23、theannular space between the casing and the borehole wall oranother casing.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThe composition of the drillable plugshould be known and documented.3.2.12 hoisting lineor drilling line, is wire rope used onthe drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.3.2.13 in situ testing devices
24、sensors or probes, used toobtain mechanical or chemical-test data, that are typicallypushed, rotated, or driven below the bottom of a boreholefollowing completion of an increment of drilling. However,some in situ testing devices (such as electronic pressuretransducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometer
25、s, and and so forth)may require lowering and setting of the device(s) in a preex-isting borehole by means of a suspension line or a string oflowering rods or pipe. Centralizers may be required to cor-rectly position the device(s) in the borehole.3.2.14 intermittent-sampling devicesusually barrel-typ
26、esamplers that may be rotated, driven, or pushed below thebottom of a borehole with drill rods or with a wireline systemto lower, drive, and retrieve the sampler following completionof an increment of drilling. The user is referred to the followingASTM standards relating to suggested sampling method
27、s andprocedures: Practice D 1452, Test Method D 1586, PracticeD 3550, and Practice D 1587.3.2.15 mastor derrick, on a drilling rig is used forsupporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains,hoisting lines, and so forth. It must be constructed to safelycarry the expected loads encountered in d
28、rilling and comple-tion of wells of the diameter and depth for which the rigmanufacturer specifies the equipment.3.2.16 DiscussionTo allow for contingencies, it is recom-mended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at leasttwice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.3.2.17 piezo
29、meteran instrument for measuring pressurehead.3.2.18 subsurface water-quality monitoring deviceaninstrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample foranalyses of the chemical, biological, or radiological character-istics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measure-ments.4. Significan
30、ce and Use4.1 Hollow-stem auger drilling may be used in support ofgeoenvironmental exploration (Practice D 3550, Test MethodD 4428/D 4428M) and for installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated materials.Hollow-stem auger drilling may be selected over other meth-ods b
31、ased on the advantages over other methods. Theseadvantages include: the ability to drill without the addition ofdrilling fluid(s) to the subsurface, and hole stability forsampling purposes (see Test Methods D 1586, D 1587, D 2487,and D 2488) and monitor-well construction in unconsolidatedto poorly i
32、ndurated materials. This drilling method is generallyrestricted to the drilling of shallow, unconsolidated materials orsofter rocks. The hollow-stem drilling method is a favorablemethod to be used for obtaining cores and samples and for theinstallation of monitoring devices in many, but not all geol
33、ogicenvironments.NOTE 2In many geologic environments the hollow-stem auger drill-ing method can be used for drilling, sampling, and monitoring-deviceinstallations without the addition of fluids to the borehole. However, incases where heaving water-bearing sands or silts are encountered, theaddition
34、of water or drilling mud to the hollow-auger column may becomenecessary to inhibit the piping of these fluid-like materials into the augers.These drilling conditions, if encountered, should be documented.4.1.1 The application of hollow-stem augers to geoenviron-mental exploration may involve ground
35、water and soil sam-pling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or utilization of the hollow-auger column as a casing for subsequent drilling activities inunconsolidated or consolidated materials (Test MethodD2113).D 5784 95 (2006)2NOTE 3The user may install a monitoring device within the sameauger borehol
36、e wherein sampling or in-situ or pore-fluid testing wasperformed.4.1.2 The hollow-stem auger column may be used as atemporary casing for installation of a subsurface water-qualitymonitoring device. The monitoring device is usually installedas the hollow-auger column is removed from the borehole.4.2
37、The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices thatare addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened orporous intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installedwith a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit,and with isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to
38、deterthe movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water betweenhydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see PracticeD 5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device usedfor measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of apiezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should
39、 bemade only after consideration of the overall quality andintegrity of the installation, to include the quality of materialsthat will contact sampled water or gas.NOTE 4Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometersshould have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals, and backfills tod
40、eter the movement of fluids between hydrologic units.5. Apparatus5.1 Each auger section of the hollow-stem auger-columnassembly consists of a cylindrical tube with continuous helicalflighting rigidly attached to the outer surface of the tube (seeFig. 1). The hollow-auger section has a coupling at ea
41、ch endfor attachment of a hollow-auger head to the bottom end of thelead auger section and for attachment of additional augersections at the top end to make up the articulated hollow-stemauger column.NOTE 5The inside diameter of the hollow-stem auger column isusually selected to provide an opening l
42、arge enough for insertion ofmonitoring-device components such as the screened intake and filter packand installation devices such as a tremie pipe. When media sampling isrequired, the optimum opening should permit easy insertion and retractionof a sampler or core barrel. When a monitoring device is
43、installed, theannular opening should provide easy insertion of a pipe with an insidediameter large enough for placing completion materials adjacent to theriser.5.1.1 Hollow-Auger Head, attached to the lead auger of thehollow-auger column and usually contains replaceable,abrasion-resistant cutters or
44、 teeth (see Fig. 1). As the hollow-auger head is rotated, it cuts and directs the cuttings to theauger flights which convey the cuttings to the surface.5.1.2 Auger-Drive Assembly, attaches to the uppermosthollow-auger section and transfers rotary power and axial forcefrom the drill rig to the auger-
45、column assembly.5.1.3 Pilot Assembly, may consist of: (1) an auger headaperture-plugging device with or without a center cutting head,or (2) a sampling device that is used to sample simultaneouslywith advancement of the auger column.5.1.4 Auxiliary Components of a Hollow-Auger DrillingSystem, consis
46、t of various devices such as auger-connectorwrenches, auger forks, hoisting hooks, and fluid-injectionswivels or adapters.5.2 Drill Rig, used to rotate and advance the auger column.The drill rig should be capable of applying the rated power ata rotary velocity of 50 to 100 r/min. The drill rig shoul
47、d havea feed stroke of at least the effective length of the augersections plus the effective length of the auger couplings plusabout 100 mm (4 in.).6. Drilling Procedures6.1 As a prelude to and throughout the drilling processstabilize the drill rig and raise the drill-rig mast. Attach aninitial asse
48、mbly of hollow-auger components (see Fig. 1)totherotary drive of the drill rig.NOTE 6The drill rig, drilling and sampling tools, the rotary gear orchain case, the spindle, and all components of the rotary drive above theauger column should be cleaned and decontaminated prior to drillingaccording to
49、Practice D 5088. All lubricated rotary gear or chain casesshould be monitored for leaks during drilling. Any lubricants used shouldbe documented. Lubricants with organic or metallic constituents that couldbe interpreted as contaminants if detected in a soil or water sample shouldnot be used on auger couplings. Any instances of possible contaminationshould be documented.6.2 Push the auger-column assembly below the groundsurface and initiate rotation at a low velocity.NOTE 7If surface contamination is suspected, special drilling proce-dures may be required
