1、Designation: D5797 16Standard Specification forMethanol Fuel Blends (M51M85) for Methanol-CapableAutomotive Spark-Ignition Engines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5797; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the requirements for automo-tive fuel blends of methanol and gasoline fo
3、r use in groundvehicles equipped with methanol-capable flexible-fuel, anddedicated methanol spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced tothis specification contains 51 % to 85 % by volume methanol.This fuel is sometimes referred to at retail as “M85.” AppendixX1 discusses the significance of the properti
4、es specified.Appendix X2 presents the current status in the development ofa luminosity test procedure (flame visibility) for methanol fuelblends (M51M85).1.2 The vapor pressure of methanol fuel blends is varied forseasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lowertemperatures to ensure
5、adequate vehicle operability and safety.Methanol content and selection of gasoline blendstocks areadjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressure require-ments.1.3 The United States government has established variousprograms for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions ofalternative fuel used
6、 by these programs can be more or lessrestrictive than the requirements of this specification. SeeAnnex A1 for additional information on alternative fuelscontaining methanol.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.4.1 ExceptionNon-SI units are provided for informationon
7、ly. In most cases, U.S. federal regulations specify non-SIunits.1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest method portionsAppendix X2 of this specification. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibil
8、ity of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2,3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD130
9、Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (In-duction Period Method)D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petrol
10、eum Products (LampMethod)D1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents andChemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,and Related ProductsD3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in GasolineD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Pet
11、roleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automo
12、tive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-troscopyD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-uct
13、s (Mini Method)1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is under the direct responsi-bility of Subcommittee D02.A0.02 on Oxygenated Fuels and Components.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Ori
14、ginallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D5797 15. DOI:10.1520/D5797-16.2Reference to the following documents is to be the latest issue unless otherwisespecified.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service
15、astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United S
16、tates1D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition EnginesD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handli
17、ng of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD7328 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Po-tential Inorganic Sulfate and Total Inorganic Chloride inFuel Ethanol by Ion Chromatography Using AqueousSample InjectionD7667 Test Method for Determination of Corrosiveness toSilver by Auto
18、motive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelThinSilver Strip MethodD7671 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Silver by Automo-tive SparkIgnition Engine FuelSilver Strip MethodD7757 Test Method for Silicon in Gasoline and RelatedProducts by Monochromatic Wavelength DispersiveX-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD7920 Te
19、st Method for Determination of Fuel Methanol(M99) and Methanol Fuel Blends (M10 to M99) by GasChromatographyE203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl FischerTitration3. Terminology3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 aliphatic ether, nan oxygen-contain
20、ing, ashless, or-ganic compound in which the oxygen atom is interposedbetween two carbon atoms (organic groups), has the generalformula CnH2n+2O with n being 5 to 8, and in which the carbonatoms are connected in open chains and not closed rings.3.2.1.1 DiscussionAliphatic compounds can be straight o
21、rbranched chains and saturated or unsaturated. The term ali-phatic ether, as used in this specification, refers only to thesaturated compounds.3.2.2 denatured fuel ethanol, nethanol made unfit forbeverage use by the addition of denaturants under formula(s)approved by the applicable regulatory agency
22、 to prevent theimposition of beverage alcohol tax. D48063.2.3 ethanol, nethyl alcohol, the chemical compoundC2H5OH. D48063.2.4 finished fuel, na homogeneous mixture of blend-stocks and fuel additives meeting all specification and regula-tory requirements for its intended use at the location wheresol
23、d.3.2.5 fuel methanol (M99), nmethanol with small/tracealcohol and hydrocarbon impurities.3.2.6 gasoline, nvolatile mixture of liquid hydrocarbons,generally containing small amounts of additives, suitable foruse as a fuel in spark-ignition, internal combustion engines.D48143.2.7 gasoline blendstock,
24、 na liquid hydrocarbon compo-nent suitable for use in spark-ignition engine fuels.3.2.7.1 DiscussionExamples of gasoline blendstock in-clude natural gasoline, raffinate, reformate, naphtha, conven-tional gasoline blendstock for oxygenated blending (CBOB),and reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxyg
25、enate blending(RBOB).3.2.8 higher alcoholsaliphatic alcohols of the generalformula CnH2 n+1OH with n being 2 to 8.3.2.9 hydrocarbona compound composed solely of hydro-gen and carbon.3.2.10 methanol, nmethyl alcohol, the chemical com-pound CH3OH.3.2.11 methanol fuel blend (M51M85), na blend ofmethano
26、l and hydrocarbons of which the methanol portion isnominally 51 % to 85 % by volume.3.2.11.1 DiscussionIn the abbreviation, MXX, the XXrepresents the volume percentage of methanol in the fuel blend.4. Ordering Information4.1 The purchasing agency shall:4.1.1 Indicate the season and locality in which
27、 the fuel is tobe used,4.1.2 If requested, ensure that the methanol concentrationmeets the requirements for an alternative fuel for United Statesfederal fleets.4.1.3 For further information, see Annex A1 of this speci-fication.5. Methanol Fuel Blends Performance Requirements5.1 Methanol fuel blends
28、shall conform to the requirementsin Table 1.NOTE 1Most of the requirements cited in Table 1 are based on the besttechnical information currently available. As greater experience is gainedfrom field use of methanol-capable vehicles, some of these requirementswill change.5.1.1 The components used to p
29、roduce methanol fuel blendsare limited to methanol and gasoline blendstock as defined in5.2.5.1.2 The intentional addition of lead or phosphorus com-pounds to methanol fuel blends is not permitted.5.2 Gasoline blendstocks used shall meet the requirementsof Table 2. The gasoline blendstock may contai
30、n aliphaticethers as blending components that are used in automotivefuels in some countries outside of North America.5.3 Vapor pressure is varied for seasonal and climaticchanges by providing three vapor pressure classes for methanolfuel blends as follows:(1) Class 1 encompasses geographical areas w
31、ith 6 htenth-percentile minimum ambient temperature of greater than5 C (41 F).(2) Class 2 encompasses geographical areas with 6 htenth-percentile minimum temperatures of greater than 5 C(23 F) but less than or equal to 5 C (41 F).(3) Class 3 encompasses geographical areas with 6 htenth-percentile mi
32、nimum ambient temperature less than orequal to 5 C (23 F).5.3.1 There is a 10 % probability that the highest tempera-ture of the six coldest consecutive hourly temperature readingsD5797 162of a 24 h day will be colder than the 6 h tenth percentileminimum ambient temperature.5.3.2 See 5.4.2 for seaso
33、nal and geographical distributionsin the United States.5.4 Regulatory and Other Requirements in the UnitedStates:5.4.1 Methanol content and other requirements for methanolalternative fuel blends in the United States can be found inAnnex A1 of this standard.5.4.2 The United States seasonal and geogra
34、phical distribu-tion for the three vapor pressure classes is shown in AnnexA1,Table A1.1.5.5 Regulatory and Other Requirements Outside the UnitedStates:5.5.1 Users of this specification are advised to consult withthe applicable regulatory agency for specific requirements fortheir jurisdictions.5.5.2
35、 Users of the specification in geographical areas out-side the United States need to determine the 6 h tenth percentileminimum ambient temperatures for their geographic areas andtimes of year in order to select the appropriate classes of fuel.5.6 Use of unprotected aluminum in methanol fuel blenddis
36、tribution and dispensing equipment will introduce insolublealuminum compounds into the fuel causing plugged vehiclefuel filters. Furthermore, this effect can be exaggerated evenwith protected aluminum by elevated fuel conductivity causedby contact with a nitrile rubber dispensing hose. Therefore,unp
37、rotected aluminum and an unlined nitrile rubber dispensinghose should be avoided in methanol fuel blend distribution anddispensing systems.4,56. Workmanship6.1 The finished fuel blend shall be visually free ofsediment, suspended, or undissolved matter. It shall be clearand bright at the fuel tempera
38、ture at the point of custodytransfer or at a lower temperature agreed upon by the purchaserand seller.NOTE 2Finished fuel should be resistant to phase separation orundissolved matter at the lowest temperatures to which it is likely to besubjected, dependent on the time and place of its intended use.
39、 SeeSpecification D4814, Table X7.1 for guidance.NOTE 3Solubility is temperature dependent. As this fuel cools, somehigh molecular weight additives can become insoluble.6.2 The specification defines only a basic purity for metha-nol fuel blend (M51M85). The product shall be free of anyadulterant or
40、contaminant that can render the material unac-ceptable for its commonly used applications.6.2.1 Manufacturers and blenders of methanol fuel blend(M51M85) shall avoid methanol (for example, improperlyrecycled methanol), or hydrocarbon blend components con-taminated by silicon-containing materials, or
41、 both. Siliconcontamination of gasoline, denatured ethanol, and their blendshas led to fouled vehicle components (for example, sparkplugs, exhaust oxygen sensors, catalytic converters) requiringparts replacement and repairs. Test Method D7757 is a proce-dure for determining silicon that might be app
42、licable tomethanol fuel blend (M51M85). No specification limits havebeen established for silicon.4California Energy Commission, “Fifteen Years of Fuel Methanol Distribution,”http:/www.methanol.org/Energy/Resources/Alternative-Fuel/CEC- 1996-ISAF-Fuel-Meoh-Paper.aspx5California Air Resources Board, M
43、ethanol Fuel Additive Demonstration,http:/arb.ca.gov/research/apr/past/a832-123aTABLE 1 Requirements for Methanol Fuel Blends (M51M85)Properties Class 1AClass 2 Class 3 Test MethodsAnnex A1D4953 or D5191Vapor pressure, kPaB(psi) 4862(7.09.0)6283(9.012.0)83103(12.015.0)All ClassesCMethanol Content, %
44、 by volume, min 5185 D7920Lead, mg/L, max 2.6 D5059DPhosphorus, mg/L, max 0.2 D3231Sulfur, mg/kg, max 80 D5453Acidity, as acetic acid, mg/kg, max 50 D1613Unwashed gum content, mg/100 mL, max 20 D381Solvent washed gum content, mg/100 mL, max 5 D381Total Inorganic Sulfate, mg/kg, max 4 D7328Water, % b
45、y mass, max 0.5 E203Total Inorganic Chloride, mg/kg, max 1 D7328ASee 5.3 for volatility class criteria.BThe vapor pressure overlap is intentional to cover changes associated with seasonal changes.CMethanol content and selection of gasoline blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet vapor pressur
46、e requirements. See X1.3.3 for additional information andguidance for blending.DWith Test Methods D5059, prepare the calibration standards using methanol (reagent grade) as the solvent to prevent errors caused by large differences incarbon-hydrogen ratios.TABLE 2 Requirements for Gasoline Blendstock
47、Properties Test MethodsDistillation, end point, C(F), max 225 (437) D86Oxidation stability, minutes, min 240 D525Copper strip corrosion, max No. 1 D130Silver strip corrosion, max No. 1 D7667, D7671Vapor pressure, kPa ReportAD4953, D5191AWhile not a requirement of this specification, the blender will
48、 need to know thevapor pressure of the gasoline blendstock in order to choose a suitable blend ratiofor the components to meet the vapor pressure requirement of a particular volatilityclass.D5797 1637. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling7.1 The reader is strongly advised to review all intended
49、 testmethods prior to sampling to better understand the importanceand effects of sampling technique, proper containers, andspecial handling required for each test method.7.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtain asample representative of the lot intended to be tested. Useappropriate procedures in Practice D4057 for manual methodsampling and in Practice D4177 for automatic sampling asapplicable.7.3 The correct sample volume and appropriate containerselection are important decisions that can impact test results.Refer to
