1、Designation: D 5801 95 (Reapproved 2006)e1Standard Test Method forToughness and Tenacity of Bituminous Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5801; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEAdded Note 3 editorially in December 2006.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the procedure for measuringthe toughness
3、 and tenacity of bituminous materials. Typically,the test method has been used to characterize elastomermodified asphalts, although values for toughness and tenacitymay be obtained for any type of polymer-modified or non-modified asphalt.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety
4、 concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The value
5、s given in inch-pound units in parenthesesare for informational purposes only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and deter
6、mine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous MaterialsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Atension head of specified size and shape is pulled froma
7、n asphalt sample at a rate of 50 cm/min (20 in./min). Acontinuous record of the force versus elongation curve is madeand used to calculate the toughness and the tenacity of thesample. The test is run at room temperature (25 6 3C 77 65F), after the sample has been subjected to a specifiedtemperature
8、history.3.2 Toughness is defined in this procedure as the total workrequired to completely separate the tension head from thesample under the specified test conditions. Tenacity is ameasure of the increasing force as the sample is stretched pastthe initial peak, and may indicate the type and amount
9、ofpolymer used to modify the asphalt. It is defined as the workrequired to stretch the material after the initial resistance isovercome.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is useful in confirming that an asphaltcement has been modified with a material that provides asignificant elastomeric c
10、omponent. Elastomer modified as-phalts can be characterized by their ability to be stretched to alarge elongation while at the same time resisting furtherstretching. Toughness and tenacity are two parameters formeasuring this ability.5. Apparatus5.1 Sample ContainerA metal, cylindrical, flat bottomc
11、ontainer with a nominal inside diameter of 55 mm (218 in.)and a depth of 35 mm (138 in.) shall be used to hold the sample.Containers known as tin boxes or seamless ointment boxeswith a 3-oz capacity meet these requirements.5.2 Tension HeadThe tension head shall consist of apolished metal, hemispheri
12、cal head with an 11 mm (716 in.)radius, which is integrally connected to a 6.4 mm (14 in.)diameter stem approximately 33 mm (1516 in.) long. The stemshall be threaded and fitted with a knurled lowering screw toallow for accurate adjustment of the tension head height in thesample container. The stem
13、of the tension head shall be fittedwith a small pin to prevent twisting of the head while adjustingthe height. Dimensions of the tension head are shown in Fig. 1.NOTE 1Brass and stainless steel are acceptable metals for construct-ing tension heads. Aluminum scratches easily and steel rusts, so these
14、metals should not be used.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 onRheological Tests.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originallyapproved as Proposal P 243 in
15、1994. Last previous edition approved in 2001 asD 5801 95 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websi
16、te.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3 SpiderThe support for the tension head shall consistof a cylindrical center section through which the stem of thetension head may freely move parallel to the axis of thecylinder.
17、 The inner wall of the cylinder shall be grooved toreceive the pin mounted on the stem of the tension head. Thespider cylinder shall be fitted with three arms, equally spacedat 120 degrees, extending from the center and notched toreceive the lip of the sample container, thereby centering thespider a
18、nd tension head in the sample container. Details of thespider construction are shown in Fig. 2.5.4 Testing MachineAny tensile tester capable of pullingthe tension head at a uniform rate of 50 cm/min (20 in./min),and recording the force versus elongation curve, may be used.The accuracy of the pull ra
19、te shall be 62 % or better. Themaximum load capacity shall be at least 45 kg (100 lb). Ifpolymer modified asphalts are to be tested after aging in thethin film oven or the rolling thin film oven, higher loadcapacities are needed. A maximum load capacity of 90 kg (200lb) is suggested.5.4.1 The tensil
20、e tester must be equipped to hold the samplecontainer firmly in place while the tension head is pulled away.The details of this sample holder will vary with the type oftester used. The tester must have a minimum effective pulllength of 61 cm (24 in.) after installing the sample holder.5.5 Water Bath
21、A bath capable of maintaining a tempera-ture of 25 6 0.1C (77 6 0.18F) is required. The bath shallhave a perforated shelf supported in a position not less than 50mm (2 in.) from the bottom and not less than 100 mm (4 in.)below the liquid level.5.6 OvenA gravity convection oven capable of maintain-in
22、g a temperature of 163 6 5.5C (325 6 10F) shall be usedto heat the samples.5.7 ThermometerA calibrated thermometer having arange as shown as follows and conforming to the requirementsprescribed in Specification E1.Temperature Range ASTM Thermometer Number8 to 32C 63C18 to 89F 63FFIG. 1 Tension Head
23、and Lowering ScrewD 5801 95 (2006)e12NOTE 2In those cases where the samples are conditioned in thestandard penetration bath, the thermometer as prescribed for Test MethodD5may be substituted in place of the above.6. Sample Preparation6.1 Bring the sample to a temperature where it is sufficientlyflui
24、d to pour, as described in the following paragraphs.6.1.1 If the sample is at room temperature, place the samplein a loosely covered container in an oven at 163C (325F)until the sample is at a uniform temperature and sufficientlyfluid to pour. Take care to prevent local overheating of thesample.6.1.
25、2 If the sample is a residual product from an emulsiondistillation test and is already hot, carefully stir the contents inthe still and immediately pour into containers, as described inthe following paragraphs.6.2 Carefully stir the sample, without incorporating any airbubbles, until the sample is h
26、omogenous.6.3 Pour 36 6 0.5 g of sample into each of three samplecontainers.NOTE 3If any air bubbles are present on the surface of the asphalt,they may be removed by brushing with a soft flame from a butane lighterfor a few seconds.6.4 Immediately place a tension head, mounted in a center-ing spider
27、, into each sample container. Lower the tension head,by means of the knurled leveling screw, until the head isimmersed to the point where the asphalt level is approximately1 mm below the diameter of the tension head.NOTE 4It is important to completely clean the tension heads beforethey are reused. T
28、his promotes proper adhesion of the sample to the head.A final rinse with an appropriate solvent is recommended.6.5 Place the sample containers, with the tension heads andspiders in place, in the 163C (325F) oven for a period of 15min.6.6 Remove the sample containers and lower the tensionheads until
29、 the asphalt is level with the diameter of the tensionheads. Allow the samples to cool at room temperature for 75 65 min.6.7 Place the sample containers in a water bath at 25C(77F) for 75 6 5 min. During this time, prepare the testmachine for testing.7. Procedure7.1 Prepare the testing machine to op
30、erate at a pull rate of50 cm/min (20 in./min). Zero the chart pen and make any otherpreparations necessary.7.2 Remove the sample container from the water bath andimmediately place in the testing machine. It may be necessaryto remove the centering spider before placing the sample in themachine. The t
31、emperature of the room in which testing takesplace must be 25 6 3C (77 6 5F).FIG. 2 Spider AssemblyD 5801 95 (2006)e137.3 Pull the tension head from the sample at a rate of 50cm/min (20 in./min) and record the force versus elongationcurve. Continue pulling until the asphalt column breaks, theforce r
32、eturns to zero, or the extension limit of the machine isreached.NOTE 5The time between removing the samples from the water bathand starting to pull the tension heads should not exceed 3 min. It may behelpful to leave the top of the sample container filled with water whenremoving from the bath. This
33、will help maintain the proper temperature bypreventing surface cooling.8. Calculation8.1 ToughnessThe toughness of the sample is defined asthe work required to separate the tension head from the sampleunder the specified test conditions. It is calculated as the totalarea (in Newton-meters or inch-po
34、unds) under the force versuselongation curve.8.2 TenacityThe tenacity of the sample is defined as thework required to stretch the sample after the initial resistancehas been overcome. It is calculated by extending a tangent linefrom the force versus elongation curve as the force decreasesfrom the ma
35、ximum value until the tangent line intersects thezero force axis. The area under the curve to the right of thetangent line is the tenacity of the sample.8.3 One typical force versus elongation curve for an elas-tomer modified asphalt is shown in Fig. 3. Other shapes ofcurves are also common. This fi
36、gure was included to providean example of how to draw the tangent line for calculatingtenacity.8.4 Avariety of methods is available for calculating the areaunder a curve. Many tensile testers will perform this calcula-tion automatically. Others may be connected to a data acqui-sition system which in
37、cludes a computer capable of calculatingthe area under the curve. Manual methods include the use of aplanimeter, counting squares on gridded chart paper, andcutting out and weighing the appropriate areas of the chartpaper.9. Report9.1 Each sample shall be tested in triplicate. Report theaverage of t
38、he three values (in Newton-meters or inch-pounds)for toughness and tenacity. If one of the three tests breaksprematurely as compared to the other two, the unusual resultshall be considered an invalid test, and the average of the twovalid tests shall be reported.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionTh
39、e following statements are based upon around robin study3measuring the toughness and tenacity ofpolymer modified asphalts. The limits given do not apply tounmodified asphalts.10.1.1 The single operator coefficient of variation has beenfound to be 6.8 % for toughness measurements, and 7.3 % fortenaci
40、ty measurements. Therefore, results of two properlyconducted tests by the same operator on the same sample usingthe same equipment should not differ from each other by morethan 20 % of their average.10.1.2 The multilaboratory coefficient of variation has beenfound to be 11.3 % for toughness measurem
41、ents and 11.5 % fortenacity measurements. Therefore, results of two properlyconducted tests from two different laboratories on samples ofthe same material should not differ from each other by morethan 32 % of their average.10.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method for measuringtoughness and tenacit
42、y has no bias because the values oftoughness and tenacity are defined only in terms of this testmethod.11. Keywords11.1 asphalt cement; polymer modified asphalt; tenacity;tensile testing; toughnessASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connectio
43、n with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible
44、technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consid
45、eration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Bar
46、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D04-1010.FIG. 3 Typical Toughness and Tenacity Curve For an ElastomerModified AsphaltD 5801 95 (2006)e14
