1、Designation: D 5831 09Standard Test Method forScreening Fuels in Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5831; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses i
2、ndicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is a screening procedure for determin-ing the presence of fuels containing aromatic compounds insoils. If the contaminant fuel is available f
3、or calibration, theapproximate concentration of the fuel in the soil can becalculated. If the contaminant fuel type is known, but thecontaminant fuel is not available for calibration, an estimate ofthe concentration of the fuel in the soil can be determined usingaverage response factors. If the natu
4、re of the contaminant fuelis unknown, this screening test method can be used to identifythe possible presence of contamination.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all
5、 of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2777 Practice for D
6、etermination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterE 131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE 169 Practices for General Techniques of Ultraviolet-Visible Quantitative AnalysisE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 275
7、 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performanceof Ultraviolet and Visible SpectrophotometersE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration ofUltraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose SpectralSlit Wi
8、dth does not Exceed 2 nm3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisscreening test method, refer to Terminology E 131.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Asample of soil is extracted with isopropyl alcohol, andthe extract is filtered. The ultraviolet absorbance of the extractis measur
9、ed at 254 nm. If the contaminant fuel is available forcalibration, the approximate concentration of contamination iscalculated. If the contaminant fuel type is known, but thecontaminant fuel is not available for calibration, an estimate ofthe contaminant concentration is determined using averageresp
10、onse factors. If the nature of the contaminant fuel is notknown, the absorbance value is used to indicate the presence orabsence of fuel contamination. Calcium oxide is added to thesoil as a conditioning agent to minimize interferences fromhumic materials and moisture present in the soil. Particulat
11、einterferences are removed by passing the extract through afilter.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is a screening procedure for determin-ing the presence of fuels containing aromatic compounds insoils. If the contaminant fuel is available for calibration, theapproximate concentration of t
12、he fuel in the soil can becalculated. If the fuel type is known, but the contaminant fuelis not available for calibration, an estimate of the contaminantfuel concentration can be calculated using average responsefactors. If the nature of the contaminant fuel is unknown, acontaminant concentration ca
13、nnot be calculated, and the testmethod can only be used only to indicate the presence orabsence of fuel contamination.5.2 Fuels containing aromatic compounds, such as dieselfuel and gasoline, as well as other aromatic-containing hydro-carbon materials, such as crude oil, coal oil, and motor oil, can
14、be determined by this test method. The quantitation limit fordiesel fuel is about 75 mg/kg. Approximate quantitation limitsfor other aromatic-containing hydrocarbon materials that canbe determined by this screening test method are given in Table1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
15、mittee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.05 onScreening Methods.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 5831 03 (2008).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the
16、ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Un
17、ited States.1. Quantitation limits for highly aliphatic materials, such asaviation gasoline and synthetic motor oil, are much higher thanthose for more aromatic materials, such as coal oil and dieselfuel.NOTE 1The quantitation limits listed in Table 1 are approximatevalues because in this test metho
18、d, the quantitation limit can be influencedby the particular fuel type and soil background levels. For information onhow the values given in Table 1 were determined, see Appendix X1. Datagenerated during the development of this screening test method and otherinformation pertaining to this test metho
19、d can be found in the researchreports. (1,2)35.3 When applying this test method to sites contaminated bydiesel fuel, care should be taken in selecting the appropriateresponse factor from the list given in Table 2, with consider-ation given to whether or not the fuel contamination is fresh orhas unde
20、rgone weathering/or biodegradation processes. SeeAppendix X2.5.4 A factor to consider in using this test method is whetherthe contamination is a mixture of one or more fuel types. If thisis the case, and a site-specific response factor (see AppendixX2, Section X2.3) cannot be determined, the respons
21、e factorsfor the individual fuel types in the mixture should be used toestimate contaminant concentrations.5.5 Certain materials, such as asphalts and asphalt residualsand oils and pitch from trees and other vegetation, whichrespond as fuel when tested by the method giving high blankabsorbance value
22、s, may interfere with use of this test method.See 8.1.2.1 and Note 3 for information on determining if thetest method can be applied to a specific soil containing one ormore of these types of materials.5.6 Extractable material, which scatters or absorbs light at254 nm, is a potential interference fo
23、r this screening testmethod.6. Apparatus6.1 Glass Bottles, wide-mouth, 125-mL withpolytetrafluoroethylene-lined lids.6.2 Portable Scale, (for field testing) or laboratory balance,capable of weighing to 0.1 g.6.3 Portable Stirring Device, (for field testing) or magneticstir bar and stirrer, which res
24、ult in motion of the solids duringstirring.6.4 Syringes, disposable, polyethylene or polypropylene,10-mL capacity.6.5 Syringe Filters, disposable, polytetrafluoroethylene,0.45-m pore size, 25-mm diameter.6.6 Spectrometer, set at 254 nm with a 1-cm path length,quartz cell (cuvette).6.7 Volumetric Fla
25、sks and Pipets, for preparing standardsolutions.6.8 Laboratory Balance, capable of weighing to 0.0001 g.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all screening tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it isintended that all reagents shall conform to the specifi
26、cations ofthe Committee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemi-cal Society where such specifications are available.4Othergrades may be used provided it is first ascertained that thereagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use withoutlessening the accuracy of the determination.7.2 Cal
27、cium Oxide Powder, Reagent GradeUse calciumoxide powder, reagent grade dried at 900C for 12 h and storedin a desiccator or tightly sealed glass container prior to use.This is a conditioning agent for removal of interferencescaused by the presence of humic material or moisture, or both,in the sample.
28、7.3 Isopropyl Alcohol, Reagent GradeThe extraction sol-vent should have an absorbance value versus air that is lessthan 0.1. To maintain purity, the solvent should not be storedfor longer than one week in a container having a compositionthat may leach UV-absorbing materials.7.3.1 Transportation of i
29、sopropyl alcohol for field testingmust comply with current Department of Transportation (DOT)regulations.8. Procedure8.1 Running Blank Analyses:8.1.1 To ensure that the batch of conditioning agent, sy-ringe, filter cartridge, and so forth, are not contributing to theabsorbance reading, it is recomme
30、nded that the procedure be3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.4Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemica
31、l Society, see Annual Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.TABLE 1 Approximate Quantitation Limits for Various Fuel Typesin Soils Based on 0.036 AUMaterialL
32、imit of Quantitation (LOQ),mg/kgCoal Oil 21Crude Oil 61Diesel Fuel 75Weathered Diesel Fuel 21Used Motor Oil 162Weathered Gasoline 170Unleaded Gasoline 316Jet Fuel JP-2 378Motor Oil 533Aviation Gasoline 1066Synthetic Motor Oil 1382TABLE 2 Reciprocal Absorptivities at 254 nm for a 1-cm PathLength Cell
33、Material 1/Absorptivity, mg/L/AUCoal Oil 59Crude Oil 169Diesel Fuel 209Weathered Diesel Fuel 58Used Motor Oil 450Weathered Gasoline 473Unleaded Gasoline 877Jet Fuel JP-2 1050Motor Oil 1480Aviation Gasoline 2960Synthetic Motor Oil 3840D5831092performed as specified in 8.3 and 8.4, except using no soi
34、l andapproximately5gofcalcium oxide. If the resulting extract hasan absorbance value greater than 0.03, the various componentsshould be tested individually by contacting them with theextraction solvent, and the problem component(s) should bereplaced.8.1.2 In this procedure, the conditioning agent in
35、hibits theextraction of most humic materials, and there is very little, ifany, background from inorganic materials. It is recommended,however, that a blank soil sample be tested as specified in 8.3and 8.4 by extracting contaminant-free soil of the same typeand from the same general area as the site
36、being studied.Approximately5gofcalcium oxide should be used for thisblank extraction. Results from the blank soil analysis can beused to provide information on the blank soil absorbance value,the amount of calcium oxide required to dry the soil and inhibitextraction of humic materials, and the time
37、it takes the soil andcalcium oxide to settle after stirring.8.1.2.1 If the absorbance value of the first soil blank extractis less than 0.05, extraction of the soil samples at the siteshould be performed using5gofcalcium oxide. If theabsorbance value of the first soil blank extract is greater than0.
38、05, a second blank sample should be extracted using addi-tional calcium oxide. As stated in 8.1.2, for the first blanksample, approximately5gofcalcium oxide should be used. Ifa second blank analysis is required, approximately 10 g ofcalcium oxide should be added to the soil sample. If theabsorbance
39、value of the second blank extract is lower than forthe first blank extract, but is still greater than 0.05, a third blanksample should be tested using approximately 15 g of calciumoxide. These steps can be repeated, increasing the amount ofcalcium oxide by approximately 5 g each time, until the blan
40、kabsorbance value is less than 0.05. In this way, the amount ofcalcium oxide required to inhibit interferences from humicmaterial and moisture in the soil can be determined. Excesscalcium oxide will not affect the analysis results. If theabsorbance of the value of the second blank extract is notdecr
41、eased by the addition of 10 g of calcium oxide to the blanksample or if the addition of calcium oxide does not lower theabsorbance of the blank extract to less than 0.05, even with theaddition of a large quantity of conditioning agent, and theabsorbance of the blank extract is less than 0.1, the bla
42、nkabsorbance value can be subtracted from the sample absor-bance values. If this is done, blank samples from around thesite should be tested to ensure that the blank soil absorbance isconstant by 60.02 absorbance units. If the blank absorbancefor the second blank is not decreased by the addition of
43、10 g ofcalcium oxide and the absorbance of the blank extract is greaterthan 0.1, or if blank, correction is not desired, use of analternative non-UV-absorbing extraction solvent should beconsidered. If an alternative solvent is used, the steps describedin 8.1.1 and 8.1.2 should be repeated using the
44、 differentsolvent.8.1.2.2 Note the time required for the soil and calcium oxideto settle after stirring as determined in 8.1.2 or 8.1.2.1 byperforming the blank soil analysis(es).NOTE 2An example of a non-UV-absorbing solvent that has beenused in place of isopropyl alcohol in this method is n-heptan
45、e. Informationon use of this solvent can be found in the research report. (2)NOTE 3In testing soil suspected of containing asphalt materials or oilsor pitch from trees or other vegetation, it is recommended that if the blankabsorbance value cannot be lowered to less than 0.05 by the addition ofcalci
46、um oxide, the blank absorbance value should be subtracted from thesample absorbance values. However, as stated in 8.1.2.1, this should onlybe done if the blank absorbance is less than 0.1. If the blank absorbanceis greater than 0.1, the method should not be used to test the soil.8.1.3 Also, it is re
47、commended that one spike should be runfor every batch of samples or for every 20 samples, whicheveris most frequent. A soil sample is spiked by adding 5 L ofdiesel fuel or 25 L of gasoline and shaking the bottle for 3min. The extraction and analysis then are performed asoutlined in 8.3.3-8.4.5. Reco
48、very is calculated by comparingthe absorbance of the extract from the spiked soil at 254 nmwith the absorbance of a solution of 5 L of diesel fuel or 25L of gasoline in 50 mL of isopropyl alcohol. After correctionfor any material appearing in the unspiked soil, the recoveryshould be within 20 % of t
49、he true value.8.2 Preparation of Standard Solutions:8.2.1 Weigh out 200 mg (weighed to 60.1 mg) of the fueltype of interest into a 100-mL volumetric flask and dilute tovolume using isopropyl alcohol. This gives a 2000-mg/Lstandard stock solution. Other standard solutions can beprepared as needed by appropriate dilution of this stocksolution. For example, to prepare a 200-mg/L solution of thefuel type of interest, pipet 5 mL of the stock solution into a50-mL volumetric flask and dilute to volume using isopropylalcohol. For work in the field, a standard stock solution can
