1、Designation: D 5850 95 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure)Determining Transmissivity, Storage Coefficient, andAnisotropy Ratio from a Network of Partially PenetratingWells1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5850; the number immediately following the de
2、signation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers an
3、analytical procedure fordetermining the transmissivity, storage coefficient, and ratio ofvertical to horizontal hydraulic conductivity of a confinedaquifer using observation well drawdown measurements froma constant-rate pumping test. This test method uses data froma minimum of four partially penetr
4、ating, properly positionedobservation wells around a partially penetrating control well.1.2 The analytical procedure is used in conjunction with thefield procedure in Test Method D 4050.1.3 LimitationsThe limitations of the technique for deter-mination of the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conduc
5、tivityof aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence betweenthe field situation and the simplifying assumption of this testmethod.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not
6、 purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards
7、:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 4050 Test Method (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal andInjection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Propertiesof Aquifer SystemsD 5473 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure for) Analyz-ing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control
8、Well andDetermining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Con-ductivity in a Nonleaky Confined Aquifer3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aquifer, confinedan aquifer bounded above andbelow by confining beds and in which the static head is abovethe top of the aquifer.3.1.2 confining beda hydrogeologi
9、c unit of less perme-able material bounding one or more aquifers.3.1.3 control wellwell by which the head and flow in theaquifer is changed, for example, by pumping, injection, orimposing a constant change of head.3.1.4 drawdownvertical distance the static head is low-ered due to the removal of wate
10、r.3.1.5 hydraulic conductivity(field aquifer test) the volumeof water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will move in aunit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit areameasured at right angles to the direction of flow.3.1.6 observation wella well open to all or part of anaquifer.3.
11、1.7 piezometera device so constructed and sealed as tomeasure hydraulic head at a point in the subsurface.3.1.8 storage coeffcientthe volume of water an aquiferreleases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of theaquifer per unit change in head.3.1.9 transmissivitythe volume of water at t
12、he existingkinematic viscosity that will move in a unit time under a unithydraulic gradient through a unit width of the aquifer.3.1.10 For definitions of other terms used in this testmethod, see Terminology D 653.3.2 Symbols:Symbols and Dimensions:3.2.1 AKz/Kr, anisotropy ratio nd.1This test method
13、is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2006. Published December 2006. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as
14、 D 5850 95 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
15、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2 bthickness of aquifer L.3.2.3 Cfdrawdown correction factor, equal to the ratio ofthe drawdown for a fully penetrating well network to thedrawdown for a partially penetrating well network (W(u)/(W(u) + fs).3.2.4 ddistance f
16、rom top of aquifer to top of screenedinterval of control well L.3.2.5 d8distance from top of aquifer to top of screenedinterval of observation well L.3.2.6 fsincremental dimensionless drawdown componentresulting from partial penetration nd.3.2.7 Khydraulic conductivity LT1.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe use
17、of symbol K for the termhydraulic conductivity is the predominant usage in ground-water literature by hydrogeologists, whereas the symbol k iscommonly used for this term in the rock and soil mechanicsliterature.3.2.8 Komodified Bessel function of the second kind andzero order.3.2.9 Krhydraulic condu
18、ctivity in the plane of the aquifer,radially from the control well (horizontal hydraulic conductiv-ity) LT1.3.2.10 Kzhydraulic conductivity normal to the plane ofthe aquifer (vertical hydraulic conductivity) LT1.3.2.11 ldistance from top of aquifer to bottom of screenedinterval of control well L.3.2
19、.12 l8distance from top of aquifer to bottom ofscreened interval of observation well L.3.2.13 Qdischarge L3T1.3.2.14 rradial distance from control well L.3.2.15 Sstorage coefficient nd.3.2.16 sdrawdown observed in partially penetrating wellnetwork L.3.2.17 sfdrawdown observed in fully penetrating we
20、llnetwork L.3.2.18 Ttransmissivity L2T1.3.2.19 ttime since pumping began T.3.2.20 u(r2S)/(4Tt)nd.3.2.21 W(u)an exponential integral known in hydrologyas the Theis well function of und.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method makes use of the deviations in draw-down near a partially penetrating
21、control well from those thatwould occur near a control well fully penetrating the aquifer. Ingeneral, drawdown within the screened horizon of a partiallypenetrating control well tends to be greater than that whichwould have been observed near a fully penetrating well,whereas the drawdown above or be
22、low the screened horizon ofthe partially penetrating control well tends to be less than thecorresponding fully penetrating case. Drawdown deviationsdue to partial penetration are amplified when the verticalhydraulic conductivity is less than the horizontal hydraulicconductivity. The effects of parti
23、al penetration diminish withincreasing distance from the pumped well, becoming negli-gible at a distance of about 1.5b/(Kz/Kr)1/2. This test methodrelies on obtaining drawdown measurements at a minimum oftwo locations within this distance of the pumped well and ateach location obtaining data from ob
24、servation wells completedto two different depths. At each location, one observation wellshould be screened at about the same elevation as the screen inthe pumped well, while the other observation well should bescreened in sediments not screened by the pumped well.4.2 According to Theis (1),3the draw
25、down around a fullypenetrating control well pumped at a constant rate and tappinga homogeneous, confined aquifer is as follows:sf5Q4pTWu! (1)where:Wu! 5*uexxdx (2)4.2.1 Drawdown near a partially penetrating control wellpumped at a constant rate and tapping a homogeneous,anisotropic, confined aquifer
26、 is presented by Hantush (2, 3, 4):s 5Q4pTWu! 1 fs! (3)According to Hantush (2, 3, 4), at late pumping times, whentb2S/(2TA), fscan be expressed as follows:fs54b2p2l 2 d! l8 2 d8!(n 5 1S1n2DKo Snpr=Kz/KrbD(4)FsinSnpibD sinSnpdbDGFsinSnpl8bD sinSnpd8bDG4.2.2 For a given observed drawdown, it is possi
27、ble tocompute a correction factor, Cf, defined as the ratio of thedrawdown for a fully penetrating well to the drawdown for apartially penetrating well:Cf5Wu!Wu! 1 fs(5)The observed drawdown for each observation well may becorrected to the fully penetrating equivalent drawdown bymultiplying by the c
28、orrection factor:sf5 Cfs (6)The drawdown values corresponding to the fully penetratingcase may then be analyzed by conventional distance-drawdownmethods to compute transmissivity and storage coefficient.4.2.3 The correction factors are a function of both transmis-sivity and storage coefficient, that
29、 are the parameters beingsought. Because of this, the test method relies on an iterativeprocedure in which an initial estimate of T and S are made fromwhich initial correction factors are computed. Using thesecorrection factors, fully penetrating drawdown values arecomputed and analyzed using distan
30、ce-drawdown methods todetermine revised values for T and S. The revised T and Svalues are used to compute revised correction factors, Cf. Thisprocess is repeated until the calculated T and S values changeonly slightly from those obtained in the previous iteration.4.2.4 The correction factors are als
31、o a function of theanisotropy ratio, A. For this reason, all of the calculationsdescribed above must be performed for several different3The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of the text.D 5850 95 (2006)2assumed anisotropy ratios. The assumed anisotropy val
32、ue thatleads to the best solution, that is, best straight line fit or bestcurve match, is deemed to be the actual anisotropy ratio.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is one of several available for deter-mining vertical anisotropy ratio. Among other available meth-ods are Weeks (5); see Tes
33、t Method D 5473), that relies ondistance-drawdown data, and Way and McKee (6), that utilizestime-drawdown data. An important restriction of the Weeksdistance-drawdown method is that the observation wells musthave identical construction (screened intervals) and two ormore of the observation wells mus
34、t be located at a distancefrom the pumped well beyond the effects of partial penetration.The procedure described in this test method general distance-drawdown method, in that it works in theory for any observa-tion well configuration incorporating three or more wells,provided some of the wells are w
35、ithin the zone where flow isaffected by partial penetration.5.2 Assumptions:5.2.1 Control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.5.2.2 Control well is of infinitesimal diameter and partiallypenetrates the aquifer.5.2.3 Data are obtained from a number of partially penetrat-ing observation wells, some
36、screened at elevations similar tothat in the pumped well and some screened at differentelevations.5.2.4 The aquifer is confined, homogeneous and areallyextensive. The aquifer may be anisotropic, and, if so, thedirections of maximum and minimum hydraulic conductivityare horizontal and vertical, respe
37、ctively.5.2.5 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively fromstorage in the aquifer.5.3 Calculation RequirementsApplication of this methodis computationally intensive. The function, fs, shown in (Eq 4)must be evaluated numerous times using arbitrary input pa-rameters. It is not practical to use
38、existing, somewhat limited,tables of values for fsand, because this equation is ratherformidable, it is not readily tractable by hand. Because of this,it is assumed the practitioner using this test method will haveavailable a computerized procedure for evaluating the functionfs. This can be accompli
39、shed using commercially availablemathematical software including some spreadsheet applica-tions, or by writing programs in languages such as Fortran orC.6. Apparatus6.1 Apparatus for withdrawal tests is given in Test MethodD 4050. The apparatus described below are those componentsof the apparatus th
40、at require special attributes for this specifictest.6.2 Construction of the Control WellScreen the controlwell through only part of the vertical extent of the aquifer to betested.The exact distances from the top of the aquifer to the topand bottom of the pumped well screen interval must be known.6.3
41、 Construction and Placement of Observation WellsTheprocedure will work for arbitrary positioning of observationwells and placement of their screens, as long as three or moreobservation wells are used and some of the observation wellsfall inside the zone where flow is affected by partial penetra-tion
42、, that is, the area where significant vertical flow compo-nents exists. However, strategic selection of the number andlocation of observation wells will maximize the quality of thedata set and improve the reliability of the interpretation.6.3.1 Optimum results will be obtained by using a minimumof f
43、our observation wells incorporating two pairs of observa-tion wells located at two different distances from the pumpedwell, both within the zone where flow is affected by partialpenetration. Each well pair should consist of a shallow welland a deep well, that span vertically the area in which vertic
44、alanisotropy is sought. For each well pair, one observation wellscreen should be at the same elevation as the screen in thepumped well, whereas the other observation well screen shouldbe at a different elevation than the screen in the pumped well.6.3.2 This test method relies on choosing several arb
45、itraryanisotropy ratios, correcting the observed drawdowns forpartial penetration, and evaluating the results. If all observationwells are screened at the same elevation, the quality of the datatrace produced by correcting the observed drawdown measure-ments is not sensitive to the choice of anisotr
46、opy, making itdifficult to determine this parameter accurately. If, however,observation well screens are located both within the pumpedzone (where drawdown is greater than the fully penetratingcase) and the unpumped zone (where drawdown is less than thefully penetrating case), the quality of the cor
47、rected data issensitive to the choice of anisotropy ratio, making it easier toquantify this parameter.7. Procedure7.1 Pre-test preparations, pumping test guidelines, and post-test procedures associated with the pumping test itself aredescribed in Test Method D 4050.7.2 Verify the quality of the data
48、 set. Review the record ofmeasured flow rates to make sure the rate was held constantduring the test. Check to see that hand measurements ofdrawdown agree well with electronically measured values.Finally, check the background water-level fluctuations ob-served prior to or following the pumping test
49、to see ifadjustments must be made to the observed drawdown values toaccount for background fluctuations. If appropriate, adjust theobserved drawdown values accordingly.7.3 Analysis of the field data is described in Section 8.8. Calculation and Interpretation of Results8.1 Initial Estimates of Transmissivity and StorageCoeffcientThis test method requires that initial estimates ofT and S be obtained. These estimates can be made using a widevariety of procedures, including time-drawdown analy
