1、Designation: D5872 95 (Reapproved 2006)D5872/D5872M 13Standard Guide forUse of Casing Advancement Drilling Methods forGeoenvironmental Exploration and Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5872;D5872/D5872M; the number immedia
2、tely following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1
3、This guide covers how casing-advancement drilling and sampling procedures may be used for geoenvironmental explorationand installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.1.2 Different methods exist to advance casing for geoenvironmental exploration. Selection of a particular method shoul
4、d bemade on the basis of geologic conditions at the site. This guide does not include procedures for wireline rotary casing advancersystems which are addressed in Guide D5786.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parenthese
5、sare for information only.1.3 Casing-advancement drilling methods for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations will ofteninvolve safety planning, administration and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and sitesafety.1.4 The values st
6、ated in either SI units or inchpound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.
7、5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.6 This guide offe
8、rs an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances.
9、This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means onl
10、y that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site InvestigationD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for
11、 Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic TestingD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste SitesD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monit
12、oring WellsD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006
13、Aug. 1, 2013. Published July 2006October 2013. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20002012 asE5872 95 (2000).D5872 95 (2012). DOI: 10.1520/D5872-95R06.10.1520/D5872_D5872M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Serv
14、ice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previou
15、s version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Change
16、s section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5521 Guide for Development of Groundwater Monitoring Wells in Granular AquifersD5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvi
17、ronmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5786 Practice for (Field Procedure) for Constant Drawdown Tests in Flowing Wells for Determining Hydraulic Properties ofAquifer Systems3. Terminology3.1 TerminologyDefinitions used within this guide is in accord
18、ance with Terminology For definitions of general terms referto Terminology D653 with the addition of the following:.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bentonitethe common name for drilling fluid additives and well-construction products consisting mostly of naturallyoccurring mo
19、ntmorillonite. Some bentonite products have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.3.2.2 bentonite granules and chipsirregularly-shaped particles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried andseparated into a specific size range.3.2.3 bentonite pelletsroughly spherica
20、l- or disc-shaped units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufacturerscoat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the water-quality analysis).3.2.4 cleanout depththe depth to which the end of the drill string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after an intervalof cutting.
21、The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it is referred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in the bottom of theborehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft (0.03 m).30 mm 0.1 ft.3.2.5 coeffcient of uniformity Cu (D), the ratio D60/D10, where D60 is the particle diameter correspondi
22、ng to 60 % finer on thecumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D10 is the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the cumulativeparticle-size distribution curve.3.2.5 drawworksa power-driven winch, or several winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s) for hoistingo
23、r lowering a drilling string.3.2.6 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the subsurface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or boring.3.2.7 drill stringthe complete rotary drilling assembly under rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill rods andconnector assemblies (subs). T
24、he total length of this assembly is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the position ofthe top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.3.2.8 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or primary filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The gravelpack is usually
25、granular material, having selected grain-size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring device and theborehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack or gravel envelope is to act as: a non-clogging filter when the aquifer is notsuited to natural development or, act as a formation stab
26、ilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural development.3.2.8.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean, quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a pre-packed screen may be used.3.2.9 hoisting lineor drilling line, is wire rope used on the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill str
27、ing.3.2.10 in-situ testing devicessensors or probes, used for obtaining mechanical- or chemical-test data, that are typically pushed,rotated or driven below the bottom of a borehole following completion of an increment of drilling. However, some in-situ testingdevices (such as electronic pressure tr
28、ansducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) may require lowering and setting ofthe device(s) in pre-existing boreholes by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering rods or pipes. Centralizers may berequired to correctly position the device(s) in the borehole.3.2.11 mastor derr
29、ick, on a drilling rig is used for supporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoisting lines, etc.It must be constructed to safely carry the expected loads encountered in drilling and completion of wells of the diameter and depthfor which the rig manufacturer specifies the equipment.3.2
30、.11.1 DiscussionTo allow for contingencies, it is recommended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at least twice the anticipated weightload or normal pulling load.3.2.13 piezometeran instrument placed below ground surface to measure hydraulic head at a point.3.2.12 subsurface water-quality
31、 monitoring device an instrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for analysesof the chemical, biological, or radiological characteristics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measurements.D5872/D5872M 1324. Significance and Use4.1 Casing advancement may be used in support of ge
32、oenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsurfacewater-quality monitoring devices in both unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Casing-advancement systems and proceduresused for geoenvironmental exploration and instrumentation installations consist of direct air-rotary drilling util
33、izing conventionalrotary bits or a down-the-hole hammer drill with underreaming capability, in combination with a drill-through casing driver.NOTE 1Direct air-rotary drilling uses pressured air for circulation of drill cuttings. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may be injectedint
34、o the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and cuttings return. The use of air under high pressures may cause fracturing of the formationmaterials or extreme erosion of the borehole if drilling pressures and techniques are not carefully maintained and monitored. If borehole damage becomes
35、apparent, consideration to other drilling method(s) should be given.4.1.1 Casing-advancement methods allow for installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices and collection ofwater-quality samples at any depth(s) during drilling.4.1.2 Other advantages of casing-advancement drilling meth
36、ods include: the capability of drilling without the introduction ofany drilling fluid(s) to the subsurface; maintenance of hole stability for sampling purposes and monitor-well installation/construction in poorly-indurated to unconsolidated materials.4.1.3 The user of casing-advancement drilling for
37、 geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring-device installations should becognizant of both the physical (temperature and airborne particles) and chemical (compressor lubricants and possible fluidadditives) qualities of compressed air that may be used as the circulating medium.4.2 The application o
38、f casing-advancement drilling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve soil or rock sampling, orin-situ soil, rock, or pore-fluid testing.The user may install a monitoring device within the same borehole wherein sampling, in-situor pore-fluid testing, or coring was performed.4.3 The subsurface wa
39、ter-quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened- orporous-intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, andwith isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter the move
40、ment of fluids or infiltration of surface water betweenhydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice D5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device used formeasuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a piezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should be made onl
41、yafter consideration of the overall quality and integrity of the installation to include the quality of materials that will contact sampledwater or gas. Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals andbackfills to deter communicatio
42、n of contaminants between hydrologic units.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capa
43、ble of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus
44、5.1 Casing-advancement systems and procedures used for geoenvironmental exploration and instrumentation installationsinclude: direct air rotary in combination with a drill-through casing driver, and conventional rotary bits or down-the-hole hammerdrill with or without underreaming capability. Each o
45、f these methods requires a specific type of drill rig and tools.NOTE 3In North America, the sizes of casings bits, drill rods and core barrels are standardized by American Petroleum Institute (API) (1)3 and theDiamond Core Drill Manufacturers Association (DCDMA). Refer to the DCDMA Technical Manual
46、(2) and to published materials of API for availablesizes and capacities of drilling tools equipment.5.1.1 Direct air-rotary drill rigs equipped with drill-through casing drivers have a mast-mounted, percussion driver that is usedto set casing while simultaneously utilizing a top-head rotary-drive un
47、it. The drill string is generally advanced with bit beingslightly ahead of the casing. Fig. 1 shows the various components of the drill-through casing driver system. Other mechanicalcomponents include casings, drill rods, drill bits, air compressors, pressure lines, swivels, dust collectors, and air
48、-cleaning device(cyclone separator).5.1.1.1 Mast-Mounted Casing Driver, using a piston activated by air pressure to create driving force. Casing drivers are devisedto principally drive casing down while drilling but they can also be used to drive the casing upward for casing removal.5.1.1.2 Standard
49、 Casings, driven with the casing driver. The bottom of the casing is equipped with a forged or cast alloy driveshoe. The top of the casing fits into the casing driver by means of an anvil. In hard formations casings may be welded atconnections for added stability. The casing size is usually selected to provide a drill hole of sufficient diameter for the requiredsampling or testing or for insertion of instrumentation device components such as the screened intake and filter pack andinstallation devices such as a tremie pipe.3 American Petroleum Institute, “
