1、Designation: D5872/D5872M 13D5872/D5872M 18Standard Guide forUse of Casing Advancement Drilling Methods forGeoenvironmental Exploration and Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Water Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5872/D5872M; the number immediatel
2、y following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guid
3、e covers how casing-advancement casing advancement drilling and sampling procedures may be used forgeoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality water quality monitoring devices.1.2 Different methods exist to advance casing for geoenvironmental exploration. Selection of a
4、 particular method should bemade on the basis of geologic conditions at the site. This guide does not include procedures for wireline rotary casing advancersystems which are addressed in Guide D5786.1.3 Casing-advancement Casing advancement drilling methods for geoenvironmental exploration and monit
5、oring-deviceinstallations will often involve safety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specificallyaddress exploration and site safety.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inchpoundinch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.The values s
6、tatedin each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with it
7、s use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and
8、does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replacethe standar
9、d of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensus proce
10、ss.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to
11、 Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site ExplorationD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of S
12、oil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic TestingD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste SitesD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells1 This guide is under the jurisdiction o
13、f ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013June 1, 2018. Published October 2013July 2018. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20122013 asD58
14、72 95 (2012).D5872 13. DOI: 10.1520/D5872_D5872M-13.10.1520/D5872_D5872M-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on th
15、e ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users co
16、nsult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
17、n, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and RockD5521 Guide for Development of Groundwater Monitoring Wells in Granular AquifersD5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurfa
18、ceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5786 Practice for (Field Procedure) for Constant Drawdown Tests in Flowing Wells for Determining Hydraulic Properties ofAquifer Systems3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms refer to Terminology D653.3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This
19、Standard:Definitions:3.2.1 bentonitethe common name for drilling fluid additives and well-construction products consisting mostly of naturallyoccurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.3.1.1 For definitions of general terms used
20、within this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2.2 bentonite granules and chipsirregularly-shaped particles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried andseparated into a specific size range.3.2.3 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disc-shaped units of compressed bentonite powder
21、 (some pellet manufacturerscoat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the water-quality analysis).3.1.2 cleanout depththe depth to which the end of the drill string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after an intervalof cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it is referred
22、 to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in the bottom of theborehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 30 mm 0.1 ft.3.2.5 drawworksa power-driven winch, or several winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s) for hoistingor lowering a drilling string.3.2.6 drill holea cylind
23、rical hole advanced into the subsurface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or boring.3.2.7 drill stringthe complete rotary drilling assembly under rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill rods andconnector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assembly is used to determine
24、 drilling depth by referencing the position ofthe top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.3.2.8 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or primary filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The gravelpack is usually granular material, having selected grain-size charact
25、eristics, that is placed between a monitoring device and theborehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack or gravel envelope is to act as: a non-clogging filter when the aquifer is notsuited to natural development or, act as a formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural devel
26、opment.3.2.8.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean, quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a pre-packed screen may be used.3.2.9 hoisting lineor drilling line, is wire rope used on the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.3.2.10 in-situ testing devicessensors or probes,
27、used for obtaining mechanical- or chemical-test data, that are typically pushed,rotated or driven below the bottom of a borehole following completion of an increment of drilling. However, some in-situ testingdevices (such as electronic pressure transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so fo
28、rth) may require lowering and setting ofthe device(s) in pre-existing boreholes by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering rods or pipes. Centralizers may berequired to correctly position the device(s) in the borehole.3.2.11 mastor derrick, on a drilling rig is used for supporting the cro
29、wn block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoisting lines, etc.It must be constructed to safely carry the expected loads encountered in drilling and completion of wells of the diameter and depthfor which the rig manufacturer specifies the equipment.3.2.11.1 DiscussionTo allow for contingencies, it is rec
30、ommended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at least twice the anticipated weightload or normal pulling load.3.2.12 subsurface water-quality monitoring device an instrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for analysesof the chemical, biological, or radiological characterist
31、ics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measurements.4. Significance and Use4.1 Casing advancement may be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation of subsurfacewater-quality monitoring devices in both unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Casing-advancement s
32、ediment. Casingadvancement systems and procedures used for geoenvironmental exploration and instrumentation installations consist of directD5872/D5872M 182air-rotary drilling utilizing conventional rotary bits or a down-the-hole hammer drill with underreaming under reaming capability,in combination
33、with a drill-through drill through casing driver.NOTE 1Direct air-rotary drilling uses pressured air for circulation of drill cuttings. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may be injectedinto the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and cuttings return. The use of air und
34、er high pressures may cause fracturing of the formationmaterials or extreme erosion of the borehole, if drilling pressures and techniques are not carefully maintained and monitored. If borehole damage becomesapparent, consideration to other drilling method(s) should be given.4.1.1 Casing-advancement
35、 Casing advancement methods allow for installation of subsurface water-quality water qualitymonitoring devices and collection of water-quality water quality samples at any depth(s) during drilling.4.1.2 Other advantages of casing-advancement casing advancement drilling methods include: the capabilit
36、y of drilling withoutthe introduction of any drilling fluid(s) to the subsurface; maintenance of hole stability for sampling purposes and monitor-wellinstallation/construction in poorly-indurated to unconsolidated materials.4.1.3 The user of casing-advancement casing advancement drilling for geoenvi
37、ronmental exploration and monitoring-devicemonitoring device installations should be cognizant of both the physical (temperature and airborne particles) and chemical(compressor lubricants and possible fluid additives) qualities of compressed air that may be used as the circulating medium.4.2 The app
38、lication of casing-advancement casing advancement drilling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve soil orrock sampling, or in-situ in situ soil, rock, or pore-fluid testing. The user may install a monitoring device within the same boreholewherein sampling, in-situ in situ or pore-fluid testing,
39、 or coring was performed.4.3 The subsurface water-quality water quality monitoring devices that are addressed in this guide consist generally of ascreened-screened or porous-intake porous intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a filter pack to enhancethe longevity of the int
40、ake unit, and with isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter the movement of fluids or infiltrationof surface water between hydrologichydrogeologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice D5092). Inasmuch as a Apiezometer is primarily a device used for measuring subsurface hydrau
41、lic heads, the conversion of a piezometer to a water-qualitywater quality monitoring device should be made only after consideration of the overall quality and integrity of the installation toinclude the quality of materials that will contact sampled water or gas. Both water-quality water quality mon
42、itoring devices andpiezometers should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals, and backfills to deter communication of contaminantsbetween hydrologichydrogeologic units.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it
43、, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. testing/sampling/evaluation/and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with
44、 Practice D3740 doesnot in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Casing-advancement Casing advancement systems and procedures used for geoenvironmental exploration and instrumen-tat
45、ion installations include: direct air rotary air-rotary in combination with a drill-through drill through casing driver, andconventional rotary bits or down-the-hole hammer drill with or without underreaming under reaming capability. Each of thesemethods requires a specific type of drill rig and too
46、ls.NOTE 3In North America, the sizes of casings bits, drill rods and core barrels are standardized by American Petroleum Institute (API) (1)1)3 andthe Diamond Core Drill Manufacturers Association (DCDMA). Refer to the DCDMA Technical Manual (2)2) and to published materials of API foravailable sizes
47、and capacities of drilling tools equipment.5.1.1 Direct air-rotary drill rigs equipped with drill-through drill through casing drivers have a mast-mounted, percussion driverthat is used to set casing while simultaneously utilizing a top-head rotary-drive rotary drive unit. The drill string is genera
48、llyadvanced with bit being slightly ahead of the casing. Fig. 1 shows the various components of the drill-through drill through casingdriver system. Other mechanical components include casings, drill rods, drill bits, air compressors, pressure lines, swivels, dustcollectors, and air-cleaning device
49、(cyclone separator).5.1.1.1 Mast-Mounted Casing Driver, using a piston activated by air pressure to create driving force. Casing drivers are devisedto principally drive casing down while drilling but they can also be used to drive the casing upward for casing removal.5.1.1.2 Standard Casings, driven with the casing driver. The bottom of the casing is equipped with a forged or cast alloy driveshoe. The top of the casing fits into the casing driver by means of an anvil. In hard formations geologic formations, casings maybe welded at connections for added sta
