1、Designation: D5875/D5875M 13D5875/D5875M 18Standard Guide forUse of Cable-Tool Drilling and Sampling Methods forGeoenvironmental Exploration and Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Water Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5875/D5875M; the number immed
2、iately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This
3、 guide covers cable-tool drilling and sampling procedures used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation ofsubsurface water-quality water quality monitoring devices.1.2 Several sampling methods exist for obtaining samples from drill holes for geoenvironmental purposes and subsequentlaborator
4、y testing. Selection of a particular drilling procedure should be made on the basis of sample types needed andgeohydrologic conditions observed at the study site.1.3 Drilling procedures for geoenvironmental exploration often will involve safety planning, administration and documentation.This guide d
5、oes not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.NOTE 1This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterizations.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not
6、 be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibi
7、lityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specif
8、ic courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adeq
9、uacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This international s
10、tandard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. R
11、eferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger BoringsD1586 Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of
12、 Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and Construction1 This guide is under t
13、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013June 1, 2018. Published September 2013July 2018. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approve
14、d in 20062013 asD5875 95 (2006).D5875 13. DOI: 10.1520/D5875/D5875M-13.10.1520/D5875_D5875M-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document
15、 Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recom
16、mends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C70
17、0, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic TestingD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.2 For definitions of general technical terms used within this guide, refer to Terminology
18、 D653.3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Definitions:3.3.1 bailera long, narrow bucket, made from a piece of large-diameter pipe with a dart valve in the bottom, used to removecuttings from the borehole.3.1.1 For definitions of general technical terms used within this standard, refer
19、 to Terminology D653.3.3.2 bentonitethe common name for drilling-fluid additives and well-construction products consisting mostly of naturallyoccurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products have chemical additives which may affect water-quality analyses.3.3.3 bentonite granules and chipsirregular
20、ly-shaped particles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried andseparated into a specific size range.3.3.4 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disc-shaped units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufacturerscoat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the water-qual
21、ity analysis).3.3.5 collarthe section of a drill tool between the wrench square and the pin or box joint.3.3.6 dart valvea type of valve used on a bailer, that opens when the bailer drops through the cuttings at the bottom of theborehole.3.3.7 drill bitthe steel tool on the lower end of the string o
22、f tools which does the actual drilling; shaped to perform theoperations of penetration, reaming, crushing, and mixing.3.3.8 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the subsurface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or boring.3.3.9 drill stema steel tool composed of a round bar of steel
23、with a pin joint at its upper end and a box joint at its lower endthat is placed below the jars in a string of drilling tools to furnish the necessary weight to the tool string.3.3.10 drill stringthe complete cable-tool drilling assembly including bit, drill rods and connector assemblies (subs). The
24、 totallength of this assembly is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the position of the top of the string to a datum near theground surface.3.3.11 drive shoea forged- or machined-steel collar either a threaded- or drop-type attached to the upper joint of casing toprotect the casing thre
25、ads during driving operations.3.3.12 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or primary filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The gravelpack is usually granular material, having specified grain-size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring device and theborehole wa
26、ll. The basic purpose of the filter pack or gravel envelope is to act as a non-clogging filter when the aquifer is not suitedto natural development or a formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural development.3.3.12.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean, quartz sand or grave
27、l should be used. In some cases a pre-packed screen may be used.3.3.13 grout packera reusable inflatable or expandable annular plug that is attached to a tremie pipe, usually positionedimmediately above the discharge end of the pipe.3.3.14 intermittent sampling devicesusually barrel-type samplers th
28、at are driven below the bottom of a borehole with drill rodsor with a wireline system to lower, drive, and retrieve the sampler following completion of an increment of drilling. The user isreferred to the following standards relating to suggested sampling methods and procedures: Practice D1452, Test
29、 Method D1586,Practice D3550, and Practice D1587.3.3.15 in-situ testing devicessensors or probes, used to obtain mechanical- or chemical-test data, that are typically pushed,rotated or driven below the bottom of a borehole following completion of an increment of drilling. However, some in-situ testi
30、ngdevices (such as electronic pressure transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) may require lowering and setting ofthe device(s) in pre-existing boreholes by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering rods or pipes. Centralizers may berequired to correctly position the dev
31、ice(s) in the borehole.3.1.2 jarsa tool composed of two connected links or reins with vertical play between them (see Fig. 1 and Ref (1).3 Drillingjars have a stroke of 230 to 460 mm 9 to 18 in. whereas, fishing jars have a stroke of 460 to 900 mm 18 to 36 in. Jars permita sudden upward load or shoc
32、k to loosen a string of tools stuck in the borehole.3 The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of the text.D5875/D5875M 1823.3.17 sand pumpbailer made of tubing with a hinge-flap valve and a plunger that works inside the barrel. It is used in sandand gravel
33、where the dart-valve bailer will not pick up the materials adequately.3.3.18 speara fishing tool used when the drilling line or sand line breaks leaving the drilling tools or bailer in the hole withthe line on top of the lost tools.3.3.19 swivel socketa socket that permits the tool string to spin or
34、 turn during the drilling action (sometimes referred to asa rope socket).3.3.20 subsurface water-quality monitoring devicean instrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for analysisof the chemical, biological or radiological characteristics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ m
35、easurements.3.3.21 wrench squarea square section on any drilling tool by which the joints are set up or broken.4. Significance and Use4.1 Cable-tool rigs (also referred to as churn rigs, water-well drilling rigs, spudders, or percussion rigs) are used in the oil fieldsand in the water-well industry.
36、 The Chinese developed the percussion method some 40004,000 years ago.FIG. 1 Drilling ToolsD5875/D5875M 1834.2 Cable-tool drilling and sampling methods may be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation ofsubsurface water-quality water quality monitoring devices in both unco
37、nsolidated and consolidated materials. Cable-tool drillingand sampling may be selected over other methods based on its advantages, some of which are its high mobility, low water use,low operating cost, and low maintenance. Cable-tool drilling is the most widely available casing-advancement method th
38、at isrestricted to the drilling of unconsolidated materialssediment and softer rocks.4.2.1 The application of cable-tool drilling and sampling to geoenvironmental exploration may involve sampling unconsolidatedmaterials. Depth of drill holes may exceed 900 m 3000 ft and may be limited by the length
39、of cable attached to the bull reel.However, most drill holes for geoenvironmental exploration rarely are requiredneeded to go that deep. Rates for cable-tool drillingand sampling can vary from a general average of as much as 7.5 to 9 m/h 25 to 30 ft/h including setting 200 mm 8 in. diametercasing to
40、 considerably less than that depending on the type(s) of material drilled, and the type and condition of the equipment andrig used.NOTE 2As a general rule, cable-tool rigs are used to sample the surficial materials, sediments (that is, overburden), and to set surface casing in orderthat rotary-core
41、rigs subsequently may be set up on the drill hole to core drill hard rock if coring is required. needed.NOTE 3The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet
42、 the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. testing/sampling/evaluation/and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 doesnot in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results d
43、epend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.4.2.2 The cable-tool rig may be used to facilitate the installation of a subsurface water-quality water quality monitoringdevice(s) including in-situ in situ testing devices. The monitoring device(s) may be in
44、stalled through the casing as the casing isremoved from the borehole. The sand line can be used to raise, lower, or set in-situ testing device(s), or all of these. in situ testingdevice(s). If necessary, the casing may also be left in the borehole as part of the device.NOTE 4The user may install a m
45、onitoring device within the same borehole wherein sampling, in-situ, in situ, or pore-fluid testing, or coring wasperformed.5. Apparatus5.1 Cable-tool rigs (see Fig. 2) have a string of drill tools with a drive clamp (see Fig. 1 and Ref (2) on the drill string connectedby wire rope that periodically
46、 can be hoisted and allowed to “fall” for percussion drilling in unconsolidated and consolidatedmaterialssediment and for driving/retrieving casing. The full string of drilling equipment consists of drill bit (see Fig. 1 and Ref(3)Regular bit used for all-around general drilling and, Ref (4)Star bit
47、 used for chopping and breaking hard materials androck), drilling jars (optional), and a drill stem (see Fig. 1 and Ref (5), with a swivel socket (see Fig. 2) connected by a wire ropefastened to a drum called a bull reel that raises and lowers the drilling tools and permits percussion drilling eithe
48、r by crushing thematerial or by drive sampling. The spudding beam, commonly referred to as the walking beam, that is driven by the pitman andcrank, imparts a reciprocating motion to the drilling line.NOTE 5All cable-tool Cable-tool rigs have the capacity to lift and drop heavy drive clamps for insta
49、lling large-diameter casing in unconsolidatedmaterials.sediment.5.2 Drilling rigs for water wells have been converted (for the purpose of geoenvironmental-engineering explorations) byreplacing the jars and stem, and replacing the chopping bit (see Fig. 1 and Ref (4) with a drive barrel that is used for samplingpurposes. If the bit becomes stuck in the borehole it can normally be freed by upward blows of the drilling jars (jars can also beused in the same mode to extract casing). The primary function of the drilling jars is to transm
