1、Designation: D 5875 95 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forUse of Cable-Tool Drilling and Sampling Methods forGeoenvironmental Exploration and Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5875; the number immediately following the de
2、signation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers cable-too
3、l drilling and samplingprocedures used for geoenvironmental exploration and instal-lation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.1.2 Several sampling methods exist for obtaining samplesfrom drill holes for geoenvironmental purposes and subsequentlaboratory testing. Selection of a particular
4、drilling procedureshould be made on the basis of sample types needed andgeohydrologic conditions observed at the study site.1.3 Drilling procedures for geoenvironmental explorationoften will involve safety planning, administration and docu-mentation. This guide does not purport to specifically addre
5、ssexploration and site safety.NOTE 1This guide does not include considerations for geotechnicalsite characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This
6、 standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This guide offers a
7、n organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This AS
8、TM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that t
9、he document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling
10、of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 4428/D 4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-ingD 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste Sites3
11、. Terminology3.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordancewith Terminology D 653 with the addition of the following:3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bailera long, narrow bucket, made from a piece oflarge-diameter pipe with a dart valve in the bottom, used toremove c
12、uttings from the borehole.3.2.2 bentonitethe common name for drilling-fluid addi-tives and well-construction products consisting mostly ofnaturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite productshave chemical additives which may affect water-quality analy-ses.3.2.3 bentonite granules and chipsirr
13、egularly-shaped par-ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been driedand separated into a specific size range.3.2.4 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disc-shapedunits of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect thewat
14、er-quality analysis).1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approvedin 1995. Last previous
15、edition approved in 2000 as D 5875 95 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM
16、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.5 coeffcient of uniformity Cu(D), the ratio D60/D10,where D60is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % fineron the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D10isthe particle diameter c
17、orresponding to 10 % finer on thecumulative particle-size distribution curve.3.2.6 collarthe section of a drill tool between the wrenchsquare and the pin or box joint.3.2.7 dart valvea type of valve used on a bailer, that openswhen the bailer drops through the cuttings at the bottom of theborehole.3
18、.2.8 drill bitthe steel tool on the lower end of the stringof tools which does the actual drilling; shaped to perform theoperations of penetration, reaming, crushing, and mixing.3.2.9 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole orboring.3.
19、2.10 drill stema steel tool composed of a round bar ofsteel with a pin joint at its upper end and a box joint at its lowerend that is placed below the jars in a string of drilling tools tofurnish the necessary weight to the tool string.3.2.11 drill stringthe complete cable-tool drilling assem-bly in
20、cluding bit, drill rods and connector assemblies (subs).The total length of this assembly is used to determine drillingdepth by referencing the position of the top of the string to adatum near the ground surface.3.2.12 drive shoea forged- or machined-steel collar eithera threaded- or drop-type attac
21、hed to the upper joint of casing toprotect the casing threads during driving operations.3.2.13 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or primaryfilter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. Thegravel pack is usually granular material, having specifiedgrain-size characteristics, that
22、is placed between a monitoringdevice and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filterpack or gravel envelope is to act as a non-clogging filter whenthe aquifer is not suited to natural development or a formationstabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural development.3.2.13.1 Discussion
23、Under most circumstances a clean,quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases apre-packed screen may be used.3.2.14 grout shoea drillable plug containing a check valvethat is positioned within the lowermost section of a casingcolumn. Grout is injected through the check valve to fill theannula
24、r space between the casing and the borehole wall oranother casing.3.2.14.1 DiscussionThe composition (or mix) of the drill-able plug should be known and documented. A grout shoewould probably only be installed in a cable-tool drilled hole ifthe hole was to be continued on by a rotary-type drilling r
25、ig.3.2.15 grout packera reusable inflatable or expandableannular plug that is attached to a tremie pipe, usually posi-tioned immediately above the discharge end of the pipe.3.2.16 intermittent sampling devicesusually barrel-typesamplers that are driven below the bottom of a borehole withdrill rods o
26、r with a wireline system to lower, drive, and retrievethe sampler following completion of an increment of drilling.The user is referred to the following standards relating tosuggested sampling methods and procedures: Practice D 1452,Test Method D 1586, Practice D 3550, and Practice D 1587.3.2.17 in-
27、situ testing devicessensors or probes, used toobtain mechanical- or chemical-test data, that are typicallypushed, rotated or driven below the bottom of a boreholefollowing completion of an increment of drilling. However,some in-situ testing devices (such as electronic pressuretransducers, gas-lift s
28、amplers, tensiometers, and so forth) mayrequire lowering and setting of the device(s) in pre-existingboreholes by means of a suspension line or a string of loweringrods or pipes. Centralizers may be required to correctlyposition the device(s) in the borehole.3.2.18 jarsa tool composed of two connect
29、ed links orreins with vertical play between them (see Fig. 1 (4).3Drillingjars have a stroke of 9- to 18-in. whereas, fishing jars have astroke of 18- to 36-in. (7 mm). Jars permit a sudden upwardload or shock to loosen a string of tools stuck in the borehole.3.2.19 sand pumpbailer made of tubing wi
30、th a hinge-flapvalve and a plunger that works inside the barrel. It is used insand and gravel where the dart-valve bailer will not pick up thematerials adequately.3.2.20 speara fishing tool used when the drilling line orsand line breaks leaving the drilling tools or bailer in the holewith the line o
31、n top of the lost tools.3.2.21 swivel socketa socket that permits the tool string tospin or turn during the drilling action (sometimes referred to asa rope socket).3.2.22 subsurface water-quality monitoring deviceaninstrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample foranalysis of the chemical
32、, biological or radiological character-istics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measure-ments.3.2.23 wrench squarea square section on any drilling toolby which the joints are set up or broken.4. Significance and Use4.1 Cable-tool rigs (also referred to as churn rigs, water-welldrilling rig
33、s, spudders, or percussion rigs) are used in the oilfields and in the water-well industry. The Chinese developedthe percussion method some 4000 years ago.4.2 Cable-tool drilling and sampling methods may be usedin support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installationof subsurface water-quality
34、 monitoring devices in both uncon-solidated and consolidated materials. Cable-tool drilling andsampling may be selected over other methods based on itsadvantages, some of which are its high mobility, low water use,low operating cost, and low maintenance. Cable-tool drilling isthe most widely availab
35、le casing-advancement method that isrestricted to the drilling of unconsolidated materials and softerrocks.4.2.1 The application of cable-tool drilling and sampling togeoenvironmental exploration may involve sampling uncon-solidated materials. Depth of drill holes may exceed 3000 ft(914 m) and may b
36、e limited by the length of cable attached tothe bull reel. However, most drill holes for geoenvironmentalexploration rarely are required to go that deep. Rates forcable-tool drilling and sampling can vary from a general3The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theen
37、d of the text.D 5875 95 (2006)2average of as much as 25 to 30 ft/h (7.6 to 9 m/h) includingsetting 8 in. (2.4 m) diameter casing to considerably less thanthat depending on the type(s) of material drilled, and the typeand condition of the equipment and rig used.NOTE 2As a general rule, cable-tool rig
38、s are used to sample thesurficial materials, and to set surface casing in order that rotary-core rigssubsequently may be set up on the drill hole to core drill hard rock ifcoring is required.4.2.2 The cable-tool rig may be used to facilitate theinstallation of a subsurface water-quality monitoring d
39、evice(s)including in-situ testing devices. The monitoring device(s) maybe installed through the casing as the casing is removed fromFIG. 1 Diagram of a Cable Tool Drilling SystemD 5875 95 (2006)3the borehole. The sand line can be used to raise, lower, or setin-situ testing device(s), or all of these
40、. If necessary, the casingmay also be left in the borehole as part of the device.NOTE 3The user may install a monitoring device within the sameborehole wherein sampling, in-situ, or pore-fluid testing, or coring wasperformed.5. Apparatus5.1 Cable-tool rigs have a string of drill tools with a drivecl
41、amp (see Fig. 1 (6) on the drill string connected by wire ropethat periodically can be hoisted and allowed to “fall” forpercussion drilling in unconsolidated and consolidated materi-als and for driving/retrieving casing. The full string of drillingequipment consists of drill bit (see Fig. 1 (2)bit u
42、sed forall-around general drilling and, (3)bit used for chopping andbreaking hard materials and rock), drilling jars (optional), anda drill stem (see Fig. 1 (1), with a swivel socket (see Fig. 2)connected by a wire rope fastened to a drum called a bull reelthat raises and lowers the drilling tools a
43、nd permits percussiondrilling either by crushing the material or by drive sampling.The spudding beam, commonly referred to as the walkingbeam, that is driven by the pitman and crank, imparts areciprocating motion to the drilling line (see Fig. 3 (6).NOTE 4All cable-tool rigs have the capacity to lif
44、t and drop heavydrive clamps for installing large-diameter casing in unconsolidated mate-rials.5.2 Water-well drilling rigs have been converted (for thepurpose of geoenvironmental-engineering explorations) byreplacing the jars and stem, and replacing the chopping bit (seeFig. 1 (3) with a drive barr
45、el, (see Fig. 4) that is used forsampling purposes. If the bit becomes stuck in the borehole itcan normally be freed by upward blows of the drilling jars (jarscan also be used in the same mode to extract casing). Theprimary function of the drilling jars is to transmit the energyfrom the bull wheel t
46、o the drill stem and the sample barrel. Thestroke of the drilling jars is 9 to 18 in. (0.23 to 0.46 m) andFIG. 2 A Full String of Cable Tools Consists of Five Components That are Necessary for DrillingD 5875 95 (2006)4distinguishes them from fishing jars that have a stroke 18 to 36in. (0.46 to 0.91
47、m). Jars are often not used when hard-rockdrilling (6, 7).5.3 The swivel socket connects the drill string to the cableand, in addition, the weight of the socket supplies part of theweight of the drill tools. The socket also imparts part of theupward energy to the jars when their use becomes necessar
48、y.The socket transmits the rotation of the cable to the tool stringand bit (drive barrel) so that the drive is completed on thedownstroke, thereby assuring that a round, straight hole willresult. The elements of the tool string are coupled together withright-hand threaded tool joints of standard API
49、 (AmericanPetroleum Institute) design and dimension (7).5.4 The wire cable that carries and rotates the drilling tool iscalled the drill line. It is a58-in. (16-mm) to 1-in. (25-mm)left-hand lay cable that twists the tool joint on each upwardstroke to prevent it from unscrewing. The drill line is reevedover a crown sheave at the top of the mast, down to thespudding sheave on the walking beam, to the heel sheave, andthen to the working-line side of the bull-reel (see Fig. 3). Thestroke of the cable-tool rig should be controlled and sufficient
