1、Designation: D5883 18Standard Guide forUse of Rotary Kiln Produced Expanded Shale, Clay or Slate(ESCS) as a Mineral Amendment in Topsoil Used forLandscaping and Related Purposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5883; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers the material characteristics, phy
3、sicalrequirements, and sampling appropriate for the designation ofthe rotary kiln produced expanded shale, clay or slate (ESCS)material as a mineral amendment.1.2 The presence in the topsoil of the proper nutrient and pHlevel is necessary for healthy plant growth. This guide doesnot, however, cover
4、a determination of the nutrients, nor theiravailability.2NOTE 1The nutrient content of topsoil is important and the chemicalsusually evaluated are nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium. Nutrient defi-ciencies may be corrected by using fertilizers. Excess soluble salts shouldbe examined as to their desi
5、rability. The acidity or alkalinity of the soil isalso important. Excess acidity may be corrected by the application of limedust. Excess alkalinity may be corrected by the application of sulfur orother suitable acidifying compounds. The latter item, in addition tolowering pH, also could be considere
6、d as an aggregate when consideringthe particle size distribution.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of
7、thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of inf
8、ormationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended t
9、o repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approved
10、through the ASTM consensus process.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trad
11、e Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)and Voids in AggregateC566 Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content ofAggregate by DryingD75/D75M Practice for Sampling AggregatesD653 Te
12、rminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD5268 Specification for Topsoil Used for Landscaping Pur-posesD6913/D6913M Test Methods for Part
13、icle-Size Distribution(Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of common technical termsused in this guide, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
14、 Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.22 on Media for Plant Growth.Current edition approved July 15, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D5883 121. DOI:10.1520/D5883-18.2Nutrient testing procedures are found in the st
15、ate Agricultural ExperimentStation recommendations from the state within which the landscape is located,“Methods of Soil Analysis” Editor-in-Chief: C. A. Black, Agronomy No. 9, Vol 2,American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, WI, and Hesse, P.R., A Textbook ofSoil Chemical Analysis, Chemical Publi
16、shing Co., New York, NY 1972.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section ap
17、pears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Princ
18、iples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.1 amendment, physical, nany substance, such as sand,calcined clay, peat, or sawdust, added to the soil to alter itsphysical properti
19、es.3.2.2 slit trench drain, na narrow trench (usually 5 to 10centimeters wide) back-filled to the surface with a material,such as sand, gravel, or crushed rock, to facilitate surface orsubsurface drainage.3.2.3 soil modification, nalteration of soil characteristicsby addition of physical amendments:
20、 commonly used toimprove physical conditions of soils.3.2.4 topsoil, nin soil horizons, the naturally formed tophorizon often designated as “A” horizon consisting of soils andmaterials which supports the growth of plants and normally hasa greater degree of weathering and greater accumulations oforga
21、nic matter than underlying soil horizons or soil parentmaterial.4. Significance and Use4.1 When physically evaluating a soil, relative to its suit-ability to support plant growth (primarily grasses), tests mustbe performed to determine the presence and amount of solidmatter (organic and inorganic) c
22、ompatibility that can determinepotential air-void content and water-holding ability, and finally,deleterious materials.4.2 Typical general ranges of soil content for suitabletopsoils are presented in Specification D5268. It should berecognized, however, that in some geographic regions, concur-rence
23、with the values in the referenced table would be difficult.In such situations, locally acceptable specifications need to bedeveloped.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilit
24、ies used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/ and the like. Users of thisstandard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not initself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend
25、on many factors;Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Function, Material, and Sampling5.1 FunctionThe potential/success of a topsoil amend-ment is measured/determined by its ability to provide orenhance some or all of the desired properties/characteristics ofthe tops
26、oil that may be deficient in the unamended topsoil.Soils typically consist of three components: water, air, andsolids. The third component can be further divided into twosub-components: organic matter, such as peat, muck or otherdecayed matter and inorganic mineral matter, such as clay, siltand sand
27、. ESCS falls into the latter group of the thirdcomponent sub-component group, being an alternative, addi-tion or substitute for sand.5.2 MaterialESCS is a rotary kiln produced vesicularamorphous silicate particulate material. It is a highly porous,low density material with an apparent specific gravi
28、ty ofapproximately 0.8 to 2.4, and a dry/loose bulk density of 510to 1120 kg/m3, (32 to 70 lb/ft3). The pre-sized raw shale, clayor slate used to produce ESCS is fired in the kiln at atemperature between 1000 C (1800 F) and 1200 C (2200F). As it exits the kiln the material is sterile, inert, andcera
29、mic. Some crushing may be performed to facilitate finalsizing in a screening system. ESCS is generally neutral in pH,although the pH can vary somewhat depending on raw materialand the fuel used to fire the kiln. Loose bulk density isdetermined by the shoveling procedure given in Test MethodC29/C29M.
30、 The absorption may be determined by Test MethodC566 after soaking the sample a sufficient period of time,usually 3 to 7 days, depending on the source and the grading ofthe material.5.3 SamplingESCS specimens may be obtained andsampled in accordance with Practice D75/D75M and reduce toa test specime
31、n size in accordance with Test Methods D6913/D6913M, Annex A2. The particle distribution may be deter-mined with appropriate sieves as stated in Test MethodsD6913/D6913M.6. Application6.1 ESCS is generally used in horticultural topsoil applica-tions as a substitute or addition for the sand sub-compo
32、nent ofsoil (see Specification D5268, Table 1). A correction for themass and volume relationship of ESCS fines needs to be notedsince ESCS has a different specific gravity than silicon dioxidesand, that is, the minus 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve size to a similarsize of sand. The oven-dry or saturated surf
33、ace dry/loose bulkdensity tests (Test Method C29/C29M) can be performed toestablish the mass-volume relationship. Several blends oftopsoil using ESCS with or in place of the sand should beprepared and evaluated with regard to potential for aeration,moisture retention, resistance to compaction, and t
34、he otheritems covered in Specification D5268.7. Keywords7.1 horticulture; landscaping; mineral amendment; soil; soilamendment; modification; topsoilD5883 182SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this guide since the last issue, D5883121,that may impact th
35、e use of this guide. (Approved July 15, 2018)(1) Updated the language in 1.1.(2) Removed D1140, E11 and D4972 from Section 2 and addedD6913.(3) Added parts of speech to Section 3 and updated topsoildefinition.(4) Edited title of Section 5 to include Sampling.(5) Minor edits to 5.1.(6) Changed unit w
36、eight to bulk density, changed range of bulkdensity and temperature of the kiln in 5.2.(7) Included the procedure from C29/C29M to use to deter-mine bulk density.(8) Moved sampling and sizing of specimens language to new5.3.(9) Changed the absorption values in 6.1 and removed dupli-cate language fro
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