1、Designation: D5884 04a (Reapproved 2010)Standard Test Method forDetermining Tearing Strength of Internally ReinforcedGeomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for deter-mining the tear strength of flexible geomembra
3、nes internallyreinforced with a textile, using the tongue tear method.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wit
4、h its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for TestingD4439 Termi
5、nology for GeosyntheticsD4533 Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength ofGeotextiles3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, nair main-tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and atemperature of 21 6 2C (70 6 4F). D44393.
6、1.2 geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geo-synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets. D44393.1.3 reinforced geomembranea geomembrane internallyreinforced with a textile.3.1.4 tearing strength, (F, (F), kN), nthe force requiredeither (1) to start or (2) to continue or propagate a tear
7、in afabric under specified conditions. D4439, D45334. Summary of Test Method4.1 The tensile tear strength of a membrane in both machineand cross-machine directions is determined by measuring themaximum load when cut specimens of specific dimensions aretested to failure, by tearing, at a fixed testin
8、g displacement rate.5. Significance and Use5.1 Since tear resistance may be affected to a large degreeby mechanical fibering of the membrane under stress, as wellas by stress distribution, strain rate, and size of specimen, theresults obtained in a tear resistance test can only be regarded asa measu
9、re of the resistance under the conditions of thatparticular test and not necessarily as having any direct relationto service value. This test method measures the force requiredto tear a reinforced geomembrane along a reasonably definedcourse such as that the tear propagates across the width of thesp
10、ecimen. The values may vary between types of reinforce-ment used within a geomembrane.5.2 The tongue tear method is useful for estimating therelative tear resistance of different reinforcing textiles ordifferent directions in the same reinforcing textiles.5.3 DisputesIn case of a dispute arising fro
11、m differencesin reported test results when using this test method foracceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser andthe supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine ifthere is a statistical difference between their laboratories.6. Apparatus6.1 The machine shall consist of thr
12、ee main parts:6.1.1 Straining MechanismA machine wherein the speci-men is held between the two clamps and strained by a uniformmovement of the pulling clamp shall be used. Unless otherwisespecified in the material specification, the machine shall beadjusted so that the pulling clamp shall have a uni
13、form speedof 50 6 2 mm/min (2 6 0.1 in./min).6.1.2 Clamps for Holding SpecimenThe clamps for hold-ing a reinforced flexible geomembrane specimen shall havemetallic gripping surfaces sufficiently smooth, flat, and parallelas to prevent the test specimen from slipping or movingbetween the gripping sur
14、faces when held under the pressurenormal to operation. The dimension of all gripping surfacesshall measure 25 by 50 mm (1 by 2 in.) or more with the long1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem
15、-branes.Current edition approved March 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D588404a. DOI:10.1520/D5884-04AR10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
16、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.dimension perpendicular to this direction of application of theload. Al
17、l edges that might cause a cutting action shall berounded to a radius of not over 0.4 mm (164 in.). The design ofthe clamp shall be such that one gripping surface shall be anintegral part of the rigid frame of the clamp while the othershall be on a part hinged or swiveled to the movable memberof the
18、 clamp. The pressure between the gripping surfaces,sufficient to clamp the specimen firmly before testing load isapplied and to prevent slippage during the progress of the test,shall be secured by any suitably constructed mechanical deviceoperating on the movable member of the clamp. The distancebet
19、ween the clamps at the start of the test shall be 75 mm(3 in.).6.1.3 Load and Elongation Recording Mechanism(s)Calibrated dial, scale, or chart to indicate applied load andelongation. Unless otherwise specified for load determination,the machine shall be adjusted or set so that the load required tot
20、ear the specimen will remain indicated on the calibrated dial orscale after the test specimen has ruptured.6.2 CapacityMachine shall be of such capacity that themaximum load required to break the specimen shall not begreater than 85 % or less than 15 % of the rated capacity.6.3 Testing Machine Accur
21、acyThe error of the machineshall not exceed 2 % up to and including a 200-N (50-lbf) forceand 1 % over 200 N and 1 % at any reading within its loadingrange.NOTE 1As a practical method of determining the degree of width andalignment (in parallel) of the assembled clamp mechanism, it is recom-mended t
22、hat a sheet of this white paper, between two thin sheets of carbonpaper, be placed between the gripping surfaces, and the jaws then broughttogether with a light pressure.7. Test Specimen7.1 Obtain samples for specimen removal from thegeomembranes in accordance with Practice D4354.7.2 Each specimen s
23、hall be a square of 200 by 200-mm (8by 8-in.) internally reinforced geomembrane (see Fig. 1). Twosets of five specimens each will be required, one set for themachine and one set for cross-machine directions shall betested. No two specimens for machine direction tests shallcontain the same warp yarns
24、 or fibers, nor shall any twospecimens for the cross-machine tests contain the same fillingyarns or fibers. Using a precision template, a 75-mm (3-in.) cutshall be made at the center of the specimen forming the tonguesor cut strips as shown in Fig. 1.8. Conditioning8.1 ConditioningCondition the test
25、 specimens at 21 62C (70 6 4F) and 50 to 70 % relative humidity for not lessthan 40 h prior to test. In cases of disagreement, the tolerancesshall be 61C (61.8F) and 62 % relative humidity.8.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests in a standard laboratoryatmosphere in accordance with Terminology D4439, that
26、callsfor air maintained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 %and a temperature of 21 6 2C (70 6 4F).8.3 Moisture EquilibriumIt shall be considered that mois-ture equilibrium is reached when, after free exposure to air inmotion, there is no progressive increase in weight. Moistureequilibrium shal
27、l be approached from the dry side (notmoisture-free).9. Procedure9.1 Center the specimen in the machine with one tongue orcut strip centered in each clamp. Use a grip separation of75 mm (3 in.). This puts the grip faces 38 mm (112 in.) from theconverging end of the 75-mm (3-in.) cut (see Fig. 2).NOT
28、ETesting for the machine direction and cross direction tears themachine direction and cross direction fibers, respectively. (The crossdirection test tears in the machine direction).FIG. 1 Tongue Tear SpecimenD5884 04a (2010)29.2 Start the machine and observe by means of an auto-graphic recording dev
29、ice the force necessary to tear thespecimen a distance of 75 to 100 mm (3 to 4 in.).9.3 If a specimen breaks or tears in a direction other thanthat of the original cut, or if for any reason attributable to faultytechnique, an individual measurement falls 25 % below orabove the average test result fo
30、r the sample unit, discard andtest another specimen.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 The tearing strength of the test specimen shall be thepeak load of resistance registered during the separation of thetear. The tearing strength of the sample unit shall be theaverage of the results obtained from fi
31、ve specimens tested ineach of the machine and cross-machine directions.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 State that the specimens were tested in accordancewith this test method and list any variations from this testmethod,11.1.2 Date of test,11.1.3 Printed name of individual per
32、forming the test,11.1.4 Test temperature and relative humidity,11.1.5 Identify the material tested, including date of manu-facture, if known,11.1.6 Average of the maximum tearing strength of speci-mens tested in each of the machine and cross-machine direc-tions, reported, N (lbf),11.1.7 Coefficient
33、of variation of the observed tearingstrength of individual specimens, if required, and11.1.8 All observations and recorded data on which theresults are based.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionAn interlaboratory test program will beperformed to determine precision for this test method.12.2 BiasThis
34、 test method has no bias since the values ofthese properties can be defined only in terms of a test method.13. Keywords13.1 geomembrane; reinforced; tearing strength; textileASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mention
35、edin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and
36、 must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of
37、 theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
38、C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).FIG. 2 Location of ClampsD5884 04a (2010)3
