1、Designation: D5891/D5891M 02 (Reapproved 2016)1Standard Test Method forFluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5891/D5891M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEDesignation was changed to dual, units statement in 1.4 and units, where applicable, were corrected ed
3、itoriallyin January 2016.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers an index method that enablesthe evaluation of fluid loss properties of a clay mineral filmdeposited on a filter paper from a 6 % solids slurry of claymineral at 100-psi (-kPa) pressure as a measure of its useful-ness for permeability or hy
4、draulic conductivity reduction ingeosynthetic clay liners (GCL).1.2 This test method is adapted from American PetroleumInstitute drilling fluid specifications for bentonite.1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested as produced; granularclay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 100 meshU.S. Standard
5、 Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 200mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with the whole ground product usedfor testing.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem
6、 shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish a
7、ppro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study
8、 toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE725 Test Method for Sampling Granular Carriers andGranular Pesticides2.2 API Standards:4API RP 131, Recommended Practice for Laboratory Testingof Drilling Fluids3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to API Sta
9、ndards and ASTM definitions for GCLproducts.4. Significance and Use4.1 Clay mineral is the functional component of GCL thatreduces the hydraulic conductivity of industrial waste orground water through the liner.4.2 Clay mineral quality can vary significantly and effect thehydraulic conductivity of t
10、he GCL composite. This test methodevaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates toperformance.5. Apparatus5.1 Laboratory Balance, 100 g capacity, 60.01-g accuracyand precision.5.2 Weighing Paper, or small weighing dish.5.3 Graduated Cylinder, 500 6 5-mL graduated TD (todeliver) with
11、10-mL subdivisions, Class A volumetricallycalibrated; 10 6 0.1-mL graduated cylinder, graduated TC (tocontain) with 0.1-mL subdivisions.5.4 U.S. Standard Sieve, 100 mesh, 200 mesh, and auto-mated sieve shaker.5.5 Mortar and Pestle or Laboratory Hammer Mill, forgrinding clay mineral to required parti
12、cle sizing.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosyn-thetic Clay Liners.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published January 2016. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved
13、in 2009 as D5891 02(2009).DOI: 10.1520/D5891_D5891M-02R16E01.2When bentonite is removed from a GCL product for testing, it may includeadhesives that can influence test results.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. Fo
14、r Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,Washington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
15、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.6 ASTM Calibration Immersion Thermometer, 0to10560.5C (see Specification E1).5.7 Mixer11 000 6 300 rpm under load with singlesine-wave impeller approximately 25 mm 1.0 in. in diameter(mounted flash side up).5The impeller shall be replaced whenit weighs a m
16、inimum of 5.1 g, from an original weight of about5.5 g. New blades will be weighed prior to installation in orderto ensure conformance to manufacturing criteria. Mixer speedunder sample loading shall be determined and documentedonce every 90 days unless the manufacturer has documentedobjective evide
17、nce to extend calibration time.NOTE 1Sterling Multimixer Model 9B with 9B29X impeller blades orequivalent may be obtained from the suppliers given in Footnote 6.5.8 Mixing ContainerApproximate dimensions are180 mm 7 in. deep, 97-mm 31316-in. inner diameter at top,and 70-mm 234-in. inner diameter at
18、bottom.6NOTE 2Mixing containers or equivalent may be obtained from thesuppliers given in Footnote 5.5.9 Timers, 30 min, two interval, mechanical or electrical,precision 60.1 min.5.10 Spatula, flat blade, to dislodge clay mineral clumpsadhering to the mixing container walls.5.11 Covered or Sealed Con
19、tainer, of 400- to 600-mLcapacity.5.12 Ambient Temperature/Low-Pressure Filter Press, con-forming to API RP 131, Section 3.2. This filter press consistsmainly of a cylindrical cell having an inside diameter of76.2 mm 3 in. and a height of at least 64.0 mm 2.5 in. Thischamber is made of materials res
20、istant to strongly alkalinesolutions, and is so fitted that a pressure medium can beconveniently admitted into and bled from the top.Arrangementis also such that a sheet of 90-mm filter paper can be placed inthe bottom of the chamber just above a suitable support. Thefiltration area is 4580 6 60 mm2
21、7.1 6 0.1 in2. Below thesupport is a drain tube for discharging the filtrate into agraduated cylinder. Sealing is accomplished with gaskets, andthe entire assembly supported by a stand. A mini-press orhalf-area press does not directly correlate with the resultsobtained when using the above described
22、 standard-sized press.Pressure can be applied with any nonhazardous fluid medium,either gas or liquid. Presses are equipped with pressureregulators and can be obtained with portable pressurecylinders, midget pressure cartridges, or means of utilizinghydraulic pressure.NOTE 3Ambient temperature/low-p
23、ressure filter press conforming toAPI RP 131, Section 3.2, or equivalent, may be obtained from thesuppliers given in Footnote 6.5.13 Filter Paper, 90-mm, very dense, hardened withsmooth lint-free surface, must be used.7These papers havehigh wet strength permitting application of high pressureduring
24、filtration. They also have good resistance to alkalies andacids.6. Reagents6.1 Purity of ReagentsUnless otherwise indicated, refer-ences to water shall be understood to mean reagent waterconforming to Specification D1193, Type I, II, or III. Suchwater is best prepared by distillation or the passage
25、of tap waterthrough an ion-exchange resin.6.2 Specification D1193 for reagent water, Type I, II, or III.7. Hazards7.1 Safety PrecautionsEstablish appropriate safety andhealth practices for high-pressure equipment prior to use.8. Sampling and Selection8.1 Conduct the sampling in accordance with Test
26、MethodE725.9. Procedure9.1 Grind the clay mineral sample to greater than 100 %passing a 100 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve, and a minimum of65 % passing a 200-mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with a mortarand pestle or laboratory hammer mill as required.9.2 Weigh 22.50 6 0.01 g of the whole composite of finelygro
27、und clay mineral with “as received” moisture, typically 5 to10 %, onto a weighing paper. If bentonite is removed from aGCL product, the bentonite would be dried to less than 10 %moisture prior to weighing.9.3 Measure 350 6 5 mL of reagent water with the 500-mLgraduated cylinder and added to the mixi
28、ng cup. Place the cupon the mixer, and add the clay mineral slowly over approxi-mately 30 s.9.4 After stirring for 5 6 0.5 min, remove the containerfrom mixer, and scrape its sides with the spatula to dislodgeany clay clinging to the container wall. Ensure that all of thedislodged clay mineral cling
29、ing to the spatula is incorporatedinto the suspension.9.5 Replace the container on the mixer, and continue to stirfor a cumulative total stirring time of 20 6 0.1 min. Thecontainer may need to be removed from the mixer and the sidesscraped to dislodge any clay clinging to container walls afteranothe
30、r 5 or 10 min of stirring.9.6 Age the clay mineral suspension for a minimum of 16 hin a sealed or covered container at ambient temperature.Record the initial temperature, final temperature, and actualhydration aging time.9.7 After aging the clay mineral suspension, shake vigor-ously to break its gel
31、 strength, and then pour the suspension5For example, Sterling Multimixer Model 9B with 9B29X impeller bladesavailable from Fann Instrument Co., P.O. Box 4350, Houston, TX 77210, has beenfound suitable for this purpose.6For example, Hamilton Beach Mixer Cup No. M110-D, or equivalent, has beenfound su
32、itable for this purpose. Mixing containers supplied by Fann Instrument Co.,P.O. Box 4350, Houston, TX 77210.7For example, Whatman No. 50,S or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive
33、, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 1 Test ResultsStatistic ILS RangeWithin laboratory repeatability limit, CV %r1.8to4.7%Between laboratory reproducibility limit, CV %R6to18%95 % confidence limitWithin laboratory repeatability, 2.8 CV %r5to13%95 % confidence limitBetween laboratory reproducibility, 2.8 CV %R11.8 to 51 %D5891/D5891M 02 (2016)13
