1、Designation: D5891 02 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forFluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5891; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers an index method that enablesthe evaluation of fluid loss properties of a clay mineral
3、filmdeposited on a filter paper from a 6 % solids slurry of claymineral at 100-psi (-kPa) pressure as a measure of its useful-ness for permeability or hydraulic conductivity reduction ingeosynthetic clay liners (GCL).1.2 This test method is adapted from American PetroleumInstitute drilling fluid spe
4、cifications for bentonite.1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested as produced; granularclay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 100 meshU.S. Standard Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 200mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with the whole ground product usedfor testing.1.4 The values stated in SI units
5、 are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pract
6、ices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Tes
7、t MethodE725 Test Method for Sampling Granular Carriers andGranular Pesticides2.2 API Standards:API RP 131, Recommended Practice for Laboratory Testingof Drilling Fluids43. Terminology3.1 Definitions For definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to API Standards and ASTM definitions for GC
8、Lproducts.4. Significance and Use4.1 Clay mineral is the functional component of GCL thatreduces the hydraulic conductivity of industrial waste orground water through the liner.4.2 Clay mineral quality can vary significantly and effect thehydraulic conductivity of the GCL composite. This test method
9、evaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates toperformance.5. Apparatus5.1 Laboratory Balance, 100 g capacity, 60.01-g accuracyand precision.5.2 Weighing Paper, or small weighing dish.5.3 Graduated Cylinder, 500 6 5-mL graduated TD (todeliver) with 10-mL subdivisions, Class A volume
10、tricallycalibrated; 10 6 0.1-mL graduated cylinder, graduated TC (tocontain) with 0.1-mL subdivisions.5.4 U.S. Standard Sieve, 100 mesh, 200 mesh, and auto-mated sieve shaker.5.5 Mortar and Pestle or Laboratory Hammer Mill, forgrinding clay mineral to required particle sizing.5.6 ASTM Calibration Im
11、mersion Thermometer,0to10560.5C (see Specification E1).5.7 Mixer11 000 6 300 rpm under load with singlesine-wave impeller approximately 25 mm (1.0 in.) in diameter(mounted flash side up).5The impeller shall be replaced whenit weighs a minimum of 5.1 g, from an original weight of about5.5 g. New blad
12、es will be weighed prior to installation in orderto ensure conformance to manufacturing criteria. Mixer speed1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosyn-thetic Clay Liners.Current edition approved
13、 June 15, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5891 02. DOI:10.1520/D5891-02R09.2When bentonite is removed from a GCL product for testing, it may includeadhesives that can influence test results.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the
14、 ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-ington, DC 20005-4070, http:
15、/www.api.org.5For example, Sterling Multimixer Model 9B with 9B29X impeller bladesavailable from Fann Instrument Co., P.O. Box 4350, Houston, TX 77210, has beenfound suitable for this purpose.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United
16、States.under sample loading shall be determined and documentedonce every 90 days unless the manufacturer has documentedobjective evidence to extend calibration time.NOTE 1Sterling Multimixer Model 9B with 9B29X impeller blades orequivalent may be obtained from the suppliers given in Footnote 9.5.8 M
17、ixing ContainerApproximate dimensions are 180mm (7 in.) deep, 97-mm (31316-in.) inner diameter at top, and70-mm (234-in.) inner diameter at bottom.6NOTE 2Mixing containers or equivalent may be obtained from thesuppliers given in Footnote 8.5.9 Timers, 30 min, two interval, mechanical or electrical,p
18、recision 60.1 min.5.10 Spatula, flat blade, to dislodge clay mineral clumpsadhering to the mixing container walls.5.11 Covered or Sealed Container, of 400 to 600-mLcapacity.5.12 Ambient Temperature/Low-Pressure Filter Press, con-forming to API RP 131, Section 3.2. This filter press consistsmainly of
19、 a cylindrical cell having an inside diameter of 76.2mm (3 in.) and a height of at least 64.0 mm (2.5 in.). Thischamber is made of materials resistant to strongly alkalinesolutions, and is so fitted that a pressure medium can beconveniently admitted into and bled from the top.Arrangementis also such
20、 that a sheet of 90-mm filter paper can be placed inthe bottom of the chamber just above a suitable support. Thefiltration area is 4580 6 60 mm2(7.1 6 0.1 in2). Below thesupport is a drain tube for discharging the filtrate into agraduated cylinder. Sealing is accomplished with gaskets, andthe entire
21、 assembly supported by a stand. A mini-press orhalf-area press does not directly correlate with the resultsobtained when using the above described standard-sized press.Pressure can be applied with any nonhazardous fluid medium,either gas or liquid. Presses are equipped with pressureregulators and ca
22、n be obtained with portable pressure cylin-ders, midget pressure cartridges, or means of utilizing hydrau-lic pressure.NOTE 3Ambient temperature/low-pressure filter press conforming toAPI RP 131, Section 3.2, or equivalent, may be obtained from thesuppliers given in Footnote 9.5.13 Filter Paper, 90-
23、mm, very dense, hardened withsmooth lint-free surface, must be used.7These papers havehigh wet strength permitting application of high pressureduring filtration. They also have good resistance to alkalies andacids.6. Reagents6.1 Purity of ReagentsUnless otherwise indicated, refer-ences to water shal
24、l be understood to mean reagent waterconforming to Specification D1193, Type I, II, or III. Suchwater is best prepared by distillation or the passage of tap waterthrough an ion-exchange resin.6.2 Specification D1193 for reagent water, Type I, II, or III.7. Hazards7.1 Safety PrecautionsEstablish appr
25、opriate safety andhealth practices for high-pressure equipment prior to use.8. Sampling and Selection8.1 Conduct the sampling in accordance with Test MethodE725.9. Procedure9.1 Grind the clay mineral sample to greater than 100 %passing a 100 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve, and a minimum of65 % passing a 2
26、00-mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with a mortarand pestle or laboratory hammer mill as required.9.2 Weigh 22.50 6 0.01 g of the whole composite of finelyground clay mineral with “as received” moisture, typically 5 to10 %, onto a weighing paper. If bentonite is removed from aGCL product, the bentonite woul
27、d be dried to less than 10 %moisture prior to weighing.9.3 Measure 350 6 5 mL of reagent water with the 500- mLgraduated cylinder and added to the mixing cup. Place the cupon the mixer, and add the clay mineral slowly over approxi-mately 30 s.9.4 After stirring for 5 6 0.5 min, remove the containerf
28、rom mixer, and scrape its sides with the spatula to dislodgeany clay clinging to the container wall. Ensure that all of thedislodged clay mineral clinging to the spatula is incorporatedinto the suspension.9.5 Replace the container on the mixer, and continue to stirfor a cumulative total stirring tim
29、e of 20 6 0.1 min. Thecontainer may need to be removed from the mixer and the sidesscraped to dislodge any clay clinging to container walls afteranother 5 or 10 min of stirring.9.6 Age the clay mineral suspension for a minimum of 16 hin a sealed or covered container at ambient temperature.Record the
30、 initial temperature, final temperature, and actualhydration aging time.9.7 After aging the clay mineral suspension, shake vigor-ously to break its gel strength, and then pour the suspensioninto the mixer container. Stir the suspension on the mixer for 56 0.5 min to completely disperse the clay mine
31、ral slurry.9.8 Assemble the dry filter cell with filter paper and gaskets,and immediately after remixing the clay mineral slurry, pour itinto the filter cell and complete assembly of the filter cell. Placethe filter cell in the filter frame and close the relief valve. Placea 10 mL graduated cylinder
32、 under the filter cell drain tube.9.9 Set one timer for 7.5 6 0.1 min and the second timer for30 6 0.1 min. Start both timers and adjust pressure on the fluidloss cell to 100 6 2 psi. Starting the timers and adding 100 psipressure should be completed in less than 15 s. Supply pressureby compressed a
33、ir, nitrogen, helium, or carbon dioxide.9.10 At 7.5 6 0.1 min on the first timer, remove thegraduated cylinder and any adhering liquid on the drain tube,and discard. Immediately place a clean dry 10-mL graduatedcylinder under the drain tube, and collect the fluid for 22.5 60.1 min to the end of the
34、second timer. This corrects the fluidloss value for any initial unpredictable spurt loss from the fluid6For example, Hamilton Beach Mixer Cup No. M110-D, or equivalent, has beenfound suitable for this purpose. Mixing containers supplied by Fann Instrument Co.,P.O. Box 4350, Houston, TX 77210.7For ex
35、ample, Whatman No. 50,S or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 1 Test ResultsStatistic ILS RangeWithin laboratory repeatability limit, CV %r1.8to4.7%Between laboratory reproducibility limit, CV %R6to18%95 % confidence limitWithin laboratory repeatability, 2.8 CV %r5to13%95 % confidence limitBetween laboratory reproducibility, 2.8 CV %R11.8 to 51 %D5891 02 (2009)3
