1、Designation: D 5906 02 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forMeasuring Horizontal Positioning During Measurements ofSurface Water Depths1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5906; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the selection of procedures commonlyused to establish a measurement of horiz
3、ontal position duringinvestigations of surface water bodies that are as follows:SectionsProcedure AManual Measurement 7 to 12Procedure BOptical Measurement 13 to 17Procedure CElectronic Measurement 18 to 271.1.1 The narrative specifies horizontal positioning termi-nology and describes manual, optica
4、l, and electronic measuringequipment and techniques.1.2 The references cited contain information that may helpin the design of a high quality measurement program.1.3 The information provided on horizontal positioning isdescriptive in nature and not intended to endorse any particularitem of manufactu
5、red equipment or procedure.1.4 This guide pertains to determining horizontal position ofa depth measurement in quiescent or low velocity flow.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 This standard does not pu
6、rport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D
7、 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 3858 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurementof Water by Velocity-Area MethodD 4410 Terminology for Fluvial SedimentD 4581 Guide for Measurement of Morphologic Character-istics of Surface Water BodiesD 5073 Practice for Depth Measurement of Surface WaterD 51
8、73 Test Method for On-Line Monitoring of CarbonCompounds in Water by Chemical Oxidation, by UV LightOxidation, by Both, or by High Temperature CombustionFollowed by Gas Phase NDIR or by Electrolytic Conduc-tivity3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Term
9、inology D 1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 accuracyrefers to how close a measurement is to thetrue or actual value. (See Terminology D 1129.)3.2.2 baselinethe primary reference line for use in mea-suring azimuth angles and positioning distances.3.2.3 continuous wave syst
10、eman electronic positioningsystem in which the signal transmitted between the transmitterand responder stations travels as a wave having constantfrequency and amplitude.3.2.4 electronic distance measurement (EDM)measurement of distance using pulsing or phase comparisonsystems.3.2.5 electronic positi
11、oning system (EPS)a system thatreceives two or more EDM to obtain a position.3.2.6 global positioning system (GPS)a global position-ing system (GPS) is a satellite-based EDM system used indetermining Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) of a position bymeans of radio signals from NAVSTAR satellites.3.2.7
12、 horizontal controla series of connected lines whoseazimuths and lengths have been determined by triangulation,trilateration, and traversing.3.2.8 line of position (LOP)locus of points establishedalong a rangeline.3.2.9 precisionrefers to how close a set of measurementscan be repeated. (See Terminol
13、ogy D 1129.)3.2.10 pulsed wave systeman electronic positioning sys-tem in which the signal from the transmitting station to thereflecting station travels in an electromagnetic wave pulse.3.2.11 rangedistance to a point measured by physical,optical, or electronic means.1This guide is under the jurisd
14、iction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments, Geomorphology,and Open-Channel Flow.Current edition approved June 15, 2007. Published July 2007. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5906 02.2For referenced
15、ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
16、ohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.12 range linean imaginary, straight line extendingacross a body of water between fixed shore markings.3.2.13 range line markerssite poles or other identifiableobjects used for positioning alignment on a range line.3.2.14 shore markingsany object, natural or
17、artificial, thatcan be used as a reference for maintaining boat alignment orestablishing the boats position as it moves along it course.Examples include range line markers, sight poles, trees, powerpoles, land surface features, structures, and etc.3.2.15 site polesmetal or wood poles used as a sight
18、ingrod.3.2.16 stadiatelescopic instrument equipment with hori-zontal hairs and used for measuring the vertical intercept on agraduated vertical rod held vertically and at some distance toand in front of the instrument.3.2.17 total stationan electronic surveying instrumentwhich digitally measures and
19、 displays horizontal distances andvertical angles to a distant object.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide includes three general procedures for deter-mining the location or horizontal position in surveying ofsurface water bodies. The first determines position by a manualprocedure. The equipment to per
20、form this procedure may bemost readily available and most practical under certain condi-tions.4.2 The second determines position by a optical procedure.4.3 The third determines position by a electronic procedure.4.4 Horizontal control stations shall be in accordance withThird Order, Class I, Federal
21、 Geodetic Control CommitteeClassification (FGCC) Standards,3with traverses for suchcontrols beginning and ending at existing first- or second-orderstations (1).45. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to provide instructions for theselection of horizontal positioning equipment under a wide
22、range of conditions encountered in measurement of waterdepth in surface water bodies. These conditions, that includephysical conditions at the measuring site, the quality of datarequired, the availability of appropriate measuring equipment,and the distances over which the measurements are to be made
23、(including cost considerations), that govern the selection pro-cess.Astep-by-step procedure for obtaining horizontal positionis not discussed. This guide is to be used in conjunction withstandard guide on measurement of surface water depth (such asstandard Practice D 5173.)6. Horizontal Positioning
24、Criteria6.1 The level of accuracy required in horizontal positioningcan be defined in three general classes:6.1.1 Class One pertains to precise positioning demanding ahigh degree of repeatability.6.1.2 Class Two is for medium accuracy requirementstypical of project condition studies or offshore/rive
25、r hydraulicinvestigations, or both.6.1.3 Class Three is for general reconnaissance investiga-tions requiring only approximate measurements of positions.6.1.4 Table 1 provides an estimate of the suitability by Classfor the different horizontal positioning discussed within thisguide (2).PROCEDURE AMAN
26、UAL MEASUREMENT7. Scope7.1 This procedure explains the measurement of horizontalposition using manual techniques and equipment. These in-clude use of tagline positioning techniques and application ofshore marks.7.2 Description of techniques and equipment are general innature and may need to be modif
27、ied for use in specific fieldconditions.8. Significance and Use8.1 Prior to the development of optical and electronicpositioning equipment, manual equipment and techniques werethe only means of measuring horizontal position. These tech-niques and equipment are still widely used where precisecontroll
28、ed measurements may be required (for example, tautcable method), or where limitations in equipment availability,site conditions and cost considerations prohibit use of moremodern equipment.9. Tagline Positioning Techniques9.1 Tagline positioning techniques makes use of a measur-ing line having marki
29、ngs at fixed intervals along its length toindicate distance. These can be either a taut cable in which theline is anchored firmly at opposite banks and stretched taut, ora boat mounted cable in which one end of the line is firmlyanchored at the bank and the other is attached to a boat with theline f
30、ed out as the boat proceeds along its course. Both methodsare frequently used low cost positioning techniques. The tautcable is most commonly used for obtaining streamflow mea-surements and sediment sampling data at non-bridge locationson rivers and streams, but is equally applicable for controlledb
31、oat positioning when obtaining river or lake bed profiles forother purposes. In this regard it has proven especially useful for3Available from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),14th St. and Constitution Ave., NW, Room 6217, Washington, DC 20230, http:/www.noaa.gov.4The boldface
32、numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of this standard.TABLE 1 Allowable Horizontal Positioning System Error (7)Estimated Positional AccuracySystem61ftRMS(61m)(RMS)Suitable for Survey Class123Visual rangeintersection10 to 66 (3 to 20) No No YesSextant angleresection7to
33、30 (2to10) No Yes YesTransit/theodoliteangle intersection3to16 (1to5) Yes Yes YesRange-azimuthintersection1.6to10 (0.5to3) Yes Yes YesTagline highfrequency EPS3to13 (1to4) Yes Yes YesD 5906 02 (2007)2positioning on small lakes or reservoirs, usually where dis-tances involved are less than 1000 ft (3
34、05 m), and where sheerwalls exist at both ends of the range, or where the presence ofdense vegetation along the shoreline precludes use of optical orelectronic positioning methods. The boat mounted tagline, incontrast, is much easier to set up and use since only one end ofthe line is anchored at the
35、 shore, but this method can beconsiderably less accurate due to the increased possibility ofmisalignment errors.9.1.1 Taut Cable Method (Manual Procedure):9.1.1.1 For the taut cable method (see Fig. 1), firmly anchorthe ends of the cable on both banks (see 9.1.1.2 for installation)and the line then
36、pulled as taut as possible without pulling theanchors out of the bank. This method of positioning isrecognized as accurate for use on streams where the flowvelocity does not exceed more than a few feet per second sothat the drag induced by the flow, on any boat or otherattachment, does not substanti
37、ally deflect the line. The tautcable method is time consuming when compared to other moremodern optical and electronic positioning equipment andtechniques; take this into consideration when deciding onwhich equipment and techniques best apply (3).9.1.1.2 Installation of the taut cable should be done
38、 either inone of two ways: either securely anchor the cable to one bankand the line fed from a boat mounted reel as the boat proceedsacross the body of water; or securely anchor the reel to onebank near the waters edge with the loose end towed across.Shore markings can be used for visual alignment,
39、but thenormal procedure is to place a transit or theodolite on line forthis purpose. The transmit person, equipped with a two-wayradio, relays alignment directions to the boat operator (alsoequipped with a two-way radio), as the line is transported to theopposite bank. A power or hand winch or hand
40、cranked reel,skid mounted on locally fabricated support assemblies, can beattached to a tree or other firm support on shore and used totake slack out of the line and to minimize sag associated errorsin distance. For safety, the reel should come equipped with aspring-loaded pin lock brake assembly. B
41、uoys may be placed atoptimum locations along the line to help reduce sag as well asprovide an indicator of boat alinement.9.1.1.3 Taglines for the taut cable method are commonlystainless steel or galvanized 7 by 7 cable, although a fiber lineis increasingly being used. The stainless steel lines gene
42、rallycome pre-beaded at 2 ft intervals for the first 50 ft, at 5 ft forthe next 100 ft (30 m), and at 10-ft intervals for to the end ofthe line. Sizes vary in diameter with the length of the cableused. For a length less than 400 ft (122 m), a132 in. (0.79 mm)diameter line is recommended; for lengths
43、 up to 800 ft (244 m),a116 in. (1.59 mm) diameter is recommended; for greaterlengths, the diameter should be at least18 in. (3.18 mm). Thefiber line is normally316 in. (4.76 mm) diameter, is normallyyellow with black markings and generally comes available inany length up to 1000 ft (305 m). It is us
44、ually pre-marked withone mark every 10 ft (3 m) and two marks every 100 ft (30 m).To prevent damage when attaching the tagline to a tree,connect the free end of the tagline (the end not connected to areel), to a 30 ft length of332-in. (2.37 mm) diameter cable. Oneend of this cable should have a harn
45、ess snap and the othershould have a pelican hook. The free end of the tagline shouldbe equipped with a sleeve and thimble, of size matching thetagline diameter (4).9.1.1.4 Attachments for holding the boat in position at afixed location along the tag line will vary depending on thespecific needs of t
46、he data collection effort. Normally theattachment is some form of clamp arrangement. If velocitymeasurements or sediment sampling is being done along withthe water depth measurements, the standard procedure is toequip the boat with a crosspiece (I-beam), normally a littlelonger than the width of the
47、 boat, and set perpendicular to theboats centerline. The crosspiece is either clamped or bolted inplace and has guide sheaves at each end and a clamparrangement somewhere along the length of the crosspiece.With the tagline fed through the sheaves, the boat can be heldin place or moved along the tagl
48、ine from station to station. Themid-point clamp permits the boat to be fixed to a one locationand not move laterally along the line as measurements arebeing taken. For safety, fasten a small rope to the clamp topermit quick release in the event of an emergency (4).9.1.1.5 Position a standby person n
49、ear the quick-release endof the cable, to release the cable, if there is a possibility of aboat, barge, or other large obstruction colliding with the cable.In addition, a chase boat should also be present in trafficlocations, to warn boaters of the cables presence. For locationswhere flow velocities are high and boats and obstructions arepresent upstream, it is recommended that all work boats bekept downstream of the cable.FIG. 1 Taut Cable MethodD 5906 02 (2007)39.1.1.6 Positions along the line are determined eitherthrough the use of a calibrated meas
