1、Designation: D5907 10Standard Test Methods forFilterable Matter (Total Dissolved Solids) and NonfilterableMatter (Total Suspended Solids) in Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5907; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determination of filterablematter, total dissolved so
3、lids (TDS), and nonfilterable matter,total suspended solids (TSS), in drinking, surface, and salinewaters, domestic and industrial wastes. The practical range ofthe determination of nonfilterable particulate matter (TSS) is 4to 20 000 mg/L. The practical range of the determination offilterable matte
4、r (TDS) is 10 mg/L to 150 000 g/g.1.2 Since the results measured by this test are operationallydefined, careful attention must be paid to following theprocedure as specified.1.3 The test methods appear in the following order:Filterable Matter (TDS) andNonfilterable Matter (TSS), mg/LSections 10-14To
5、tal Dissolved SolidsHigh Precision Method, g/gSections 15-191.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-b
6、ility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specifichazard statement, see Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D596 Guide for Reporting Results of Analysis of WaterD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1192 Guide for Equipment for Sampling Water and Steamin Closed Conduits3D119
7、3 Specification for Reagent WaterD1429 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Water andBrineD2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterD3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsD3856 Guide for Good Laboratory Practices in Labo
8、rato-ries Engaged in Sampling and Analysis of WaterD3977 Test Methods for Determining Sediment Concentra-tion in Water SamplesD4411 Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in MotionD5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specificationsfor Standard Test Methods for Water AnalysisD5905 Practice for the
9、 Preparation of Substitute Wastewa-terE319 Practice for the Evaluation of Single-Pan MechanicalBalancesE898 Test Method of Testing Top-Loading, Direct-ReadingLaboratory Scales and BalancesE1601 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toEvaluate the Performance of an Analytical Method3. Term
10、inology3.1 Definitions:For definitions of other terms used in this test method, referto Terminology D1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 filterable matteralso commonly referred to as totaldissolved solids (TDS). It is that dissolved matter that iscapable of passing through
11、a glass fiber filter and dried toconstant weight at 180C, as determined by following theprocedures outlined in this test method.3.2.2 nonfilterable matteralso commonly known as totalsuspended solids (TSS). It is that particulate matter that isretained on a glass fiber filter and dried to a constant
12、weight at103 to 105C, as determined by following the proceduresoutlined in theise test methods.4. Significance and Use4.1 Solids, both as filterable matter (TDS) and nonfilterablematter (TSS), are important in the treating of raw water andwastewater, and in monitoring of streams.4.2 Waste solids imp
13、ose a suspended and settleable residuein receiving waters. Suspended and soluble materials provide amatrix for some biological slime and, in sufficient quantity,impair respiration of organisms. These solids may create1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 onWater and ar
14、e the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on InorganicConstituents in Water.Current edition approved May 15, 2010. Published October 2010. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D5907 09. DOI:10.1520/D5907-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM webs
15、ite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1*A Summary of Ch
16、anges section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.nuisance slime beds and odors while imposing a long-termbiological oxidation load over limited receiving water areas.4.3 Knowledge of su
17、spended and soluble materials is im-portant in treating raw water supplies. Knowledge of solidsloading can aid in determining the type or amount of treatment,or both, necessary to make the water acceptable for use. Suchinformation may also be used to determine acceptability ofwater after treatment.
18、Too little treatment may not be desirableand excess treatment costs money.4.4 Stream monitoring is important for environmental rea-sons, such as compliance with discharge permits. Streamimprovements, water pollution monitoring, mass wasting, algalstudies, and sediment loads are but a few of the many
19、 reasonsstreams are monitored.5. Interferences5.1 For some samples, chemical reactions may cause somematerials to change from one phase to another. For example, insome groundwaters, ferrous ions may form insoluble ferrichydroxides. Softened water high in carbonates may precipitatecalcium carbonate.
20、In such cases, holding time may have acritical impact upon both the filterable and nonfilterable matter.Such samples may have to be filtered in the field.5.2 This test method is not meant to include nonrepresen-tative particulates such as leaves, sticks, insects, fish, etc.Theseshould be removed bef
21、ore the analysis.5.3 Certain materials may be measured poorly, or not at all.Some materials may decompose or volatilize at the requiredtemperature. Other substances, such as glycerin or sulfuricacid, will remain liquid at the required temperature, givingvariable results. Oils and greases may present
22、 similar problemsand can end up in either the filterable (TDS) or nonfilterable(TSS) portion.5.4 Suspended solids samples high in dissolved matter, suchas saline waters, brines, and some wastes, may be subject to apositive interference by the retention of dissolved matter, suchas salts and sugars, o
23、n the filter. Care must be taken in the finalrinsing of the filter so as to minimize this potential interferent.Additional washing may be necessary.5.5 Clogging of the filter with too fine or too much materialwill prolong the filtering time and retain smaller particles thatwould normally pass throug
24、h the filter, thus giving elevatedvalues to nonfilterable matter (TSS) and low values to thefilterable matter (TDS). Biological material, such as algae, mayalso prolong filtration time or plug the filter.5.6 Some samples may be hygroscopic, requiring prolongeddrying, extra careful desiccation, and r
25、apid weighing. Forfilterable matter (TDS), samples highly mineralized or high inbicarbonate may require careful and possibly prolonged dry-ing. For the bicarbonate, the extended drying may be needed toensure complete conversion to carbonate.5.7 Too much material retained on the filter may entrapwate
26、r, and may also require extended drying time for thesuspended solids. For filterable matter (TDS), excessive resi-due in the dish may cause the formation of a water-trappingcrust, giving elevated values.5.8 For some users, certain biological materials, such asalgae, slimes, insects, or other small c
27、rustaceans, may beconsidered to be positive interferences for nonfilterable matter(TSS). Modifications or adjustments may be needed to gener-ate a better value. An example is determining chlorophyllcontent to estimate the amount of algae present. Such modifi-cations may be beyond the scope of this t
28、est method.6. Apparatus6.1 Analytical Balance, capable of measuring to the nearest0.1 mg.4For the high precision total dissolved solids method,the recommended balance should have a capacity of 200 g andbe capable of measuring to the nearest 0.01 mg.6.2 Drying Oven, capable of maintaining a temperatu
29、rebetween 103 and 105C and between 178 and 182C .NOTE 1To prevent dust and sample from being blown around, it ispreferred that the oven for the particulate matter (TSS) be of a gravityconvection type. If this is not possible, samples should be shielded fromthe forced air of mechanical convection ove
30、ns.6.3 Evaporating Dishes, 70-mL to 250-mL capacity, not toexceed 200 g in weight.6.4 Glass Fiber Filters, without organic binder.547-mmdiameter filters are needed for the high precision TDS methodwhen field filtration is not utilized.NOTE 2Although there is no organic binder in these filters, they
31、maycontain a wet strength resin that is partially soluble. It is thereforeimportant to adequately prewash the filters as prescribed.6.5 Membrane Filter AssemblyAborosilicate glass, stain-less steel, or plastic funnel with a flat, fritted, or grid base so asto provide uniform support and filterable s
32、urface. The topsection of the funnel shall fit over the edge of the filter toprovide a seal. The top should be removable to allow easyaccess for removing the filter. A Gooch crucible with a frittedbottom may be used in lieu of the funnel. A 47-mm filterassembly is needed for the high precision TDS m
33、ethod whenfield filtration is not used.6.6 Planchet or Pan, made of aluminum or stainless steel,capable of supporting the filter when it is not on the filterassembly.6.7 Vacuum Source.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to me
34、an reagent water conformingto Type I or II of Specification D1193. Type III or IV may beused if they effect no measurable change in the blank orsample.8. Hazards8.1 Care must be taken to ensure filter funnels and filteringflasks are in a sound state. Any tiny nick, scratch, or weaknessin glass flask
35、s or other apparatus can create a potential for animplosion hazard. Wrapping a flask is not adequate protectionin case of an implosion. It is recommended that a solid shield,such as a plexiglass cage, be placed around any filtering flask.4The balance prescribed in this test method should be tested p
36、eriodicallyaccording to Practice E319 or Test Method E898.5Millipore AP-40, Whatman 934-AH, Gelman type A/E, or equivalent, wasspecified for the round-robin.D5907 1029. Sampling9.1 Collect the sample in accordance with the applicableASTM standard as follows: Specification D1192 and PracticesD3370.9.
37、1.1 If sampling is required from an open channel flow, useGuide D4411 and Test Methods D3977 on a separate samplebottle to determine the sediment concentrations instead of theTSS.9.1.2 The user of the method is advised to use a slurry rotarysample divider to obtain reproducible aliquots of suspended
38、solids for the TSS determination.69.2 If the TDS concentration is shown to change as afunction of time more than the repeatability measured in theinterlaboratory testing of the method for a particular samplematrix, it will be necessary to filter the sample in the field andtransfer the sample volume
39、needed for the high precision TDSmethod to refrigerated sample collection bottles.Filterable Matter (TDS) and Nonfilterable Matter (TSS)10. Summary of Test Method10.1 A well-mixed sample is filtered through a weighedstandard glass fiber filter. The suspended solids are retained onthe filter, which i
40、s dried at 105C and weighed. The increasedmass on the filter represents the nonfilterable matter (TSS).10.2 The filtrate from 10.1 may be used to determine thefilterable matter (TDS). The filtered sample (liquid phase) isevaporated to dryness and heated to 180C in a tared vessel toa constant weight.
41、11. Procedure11.1 Prepare the glass fiber filters before use.11.1.1 Place the glass fiber filter on the membrane filterassembly, or insert into the bottom of a suitable Goochcrucible, with the wrinkled surface up. While a vacuum isapplied, wash the disc with three successive volumes of water.Each vo
42、lume of water should be equal to 3 mL for each squarecentimetre of filterable surface area. For standard 47 mm filterholders with 35 mm diameter funnels, this would be 30 mL foreach wash for a total of 90 mL. Continue the vacuum until thefree water has been removed. Discard the washings.NOTE 3Proper
43、 washing is important for removing loose fiber and wetstrength resins. One 90-mL wash is not as effective as three 30-mLwashes.NOTE 4On some filters it may be difficult to tell which is the wrinkledside. Usually the opposite side has faint markings of the wire mesh usedto manufacture the filter mat.
44、11.1.2 Skip 11.1.3 and 11.1.4 if only filterable matter (TDS)is being determined.11.1.3 Release the vacuum and carefully remove the filterwith forceps. Place the filter on a planchet, and dry in an ovenat 103 to 105C for 1 h. Gooch crucibles with filter may behandled without the planchet.11.1.4 Remo
45、ve from the oven and place in a desiccator untilcool. If the desiccation time exceeds 12 h, reheat and desiccateagain. Weigh the filter plus planchet to the nearest 0.1 mg justbefore using.After oven drying, the filter shall be handled onlywith forceps, and the planchet or crucible shall be handled
46、onlywith forceps, tongs, or lint-free gloves.11.2 Preparation of the Evaporating Dish:11.2.1 If filterable matter (TDS) is to be determined, heat aclean dish to 178 to 182C in an oven for 1 h. After removingfrom the oven, cool in desiccator and weigh to the nearest 0.1mg and record weight.NOTE 5The
47、dish should be as small as practical to contain the volumeof the sample plus the rinses.The relative mass of the dish needs to be keptat a minimum in order to be able to measure small mass differences withany accuracy. This is because of the inherent difficulties of trying tocontrol temperature and
48、moisture on a large mass within the requirementsof the test. For larger volumes, it may be more practical to evaporatesmaller increments, refilling the dish when dry until all the sample istransferred.NOTE 6The dish should be made of a material that is inert to thesample. Materials such as aluminum
49、will oxidize when heated with manyliquids, increasing the mass of the pan. Glass or light weight ceramicmaterial is generally preferred.11.3 Determine the proper sample volume.11.3.1 Sample volume determination for nonfilterable mat-ter (TSS).11.3.1.1 Start with a volume of sample equal to about 10mL/cm2of filterable surface area. For the standard 47 mm filterholders with 35 mm diameter funnels, this would be about 100mL. If this fails to yield at least 2.5 mg of dry solids on thefilter, increase the sample volume until that mass is attained, avolume of 1 L is re
