1、Designation: D 5909 96a (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forDrying Time of Oxidative-Drying Printing Inks by SqualeneResistance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5909; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe drying time of oxidative-drying printi
3、ng inks (also referredto as “sheetfed inks”) by squalene resistance of printed inkfilms.1.2 This test method is applicable to all paste inks that dryprimarily by oxidation regardless of the substrate on whichthey are printed. With appropriate changes in the test fluid, itmay also be used with paste
4、inks that dry by other mechanisms,such as heatset or ultraviolet light.1.3 This test method utilizes a modified rub tester and isintended to serve as a “referee” procedure when laboratories,using less rigorous test procedures (see Appendix X1), cannotagree on their results.1.4 The values stated in S
5、I units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
6、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 5264 Practice for Abrasion Resistance of Printed Materi-als by the Sutherland Rub
7、Tester3. Terminology3.1 Definition of Terms Specific to This Test Method:3.1.1 blanket, na composite structure, normally a rubber-like layer supported by one or more fabric or foam layers, orboth.3.1.2 squalene oil, nan organic liquid (C30H50unsatur-ated aliphatic hydrocarbon) that imitates the acti
8、on of skin oil.3.1.3 DiscussionSqualene dissolves vehicle componentsin a typical oxidative-drying ink system but not when fullypolymerized.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test print is affixed to the base of the rub tester. Theremovable one-half pound weight of the instrument is fittedwith a piece
9、of rubber blanket and covered with an absorbenttowel to which a small amount of squalene oil has been added.The weighted, oil-impregnated towel is allowed to rub backand forth over the test print for a prescribed number of cycles.4.2 The receptor towel is examined for evidence of inktransfer from th
10、e print. Results may be related qualitatively toan agreed upon standard, or, the intensity of the stain can bemeasured quantitatively with a colorimeter, spectrophotometer,or other reflectance type device.5. Significance and Use5.1 Inadequate setting or drying of sheetfed inks, or both,can cause blo
11、cking of stacked prints with subsequent loss ofproduct. “Setting” of an ink refers to the rapid rise in viscosityof the printed ink film, sometimes accompanied by surfacedrying, that prevents transference of the undried ink film toadjacent surfaces under light pressure. “Setting” is a propertyof the
12、 ink-substrate combination. Inadequate drying may bedue to several factors, but the primary causes are: (1) omissionof metallic driers from the ink, improper ink formulation (2)unusual ink-substrate interactions, and (3) use of a fountainsolution that is too acidic. If the test prints are made on as
13、tandard laboratory proof press, where there is no applicationof fountain solution, then only the first three possible causescan be evaluated. If the prints have been made on a commercial1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and App
14、lications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 5909 96a (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.o
15、rg, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.production p
16、rinting press or some other acceptable means ofintroducing the fountain solution into the ink agreed upon, thenthe effect of fountain solution can be determined. It will oftenbe necessary to run several tests to isolate the specific cause ofa drying problem.5.2 This test method is suitable for most
17、combinations ofoxidative drying inks and substrates. Because this test methodrelies on a visual assessment of the extent of drying, very lightcolors and clear varnishes may present difficulties in quantify-ing the extent of drying. In such cases, the supplier and thecustomer should agree upon an alt
18、ernative method of assessingthe drying properties of the ink.6. Apparatus6.1 Rub Tester, conforming to Test Method D 5264 butequipped with a special one-half pound weight and modified asin Section 9.6.2 Laboratory Printing Apparatus, capable of preparingtest prints from a blanket or rubber covered-p
19、rinting disk (thatis, by the dry offset mode). The minimum print size is about 47by 115 mm.6.3 Reflection Densitometer, for use in controlling the inkdensity of the printed specimens.6.4 Spectrophotometer (Optional), for measuring the reflec-tance of receptor toweling.7. Materials7.1 Soft Toweling,
20、cut to fit the sub tester receptor block 50by 140 mm.7.2 Squalene Oil,37.3 Rubber Blanket,4preferably having an adhesive or“sticky” backing, cut to 38 by 38 mm.7.4 Substrate, such as paper, paperboard or other as agreedupon between the supplier and the customer. The substrateshould be cut to a size
21、appropriate to the printing apparatus(6.2).7.5 Reference Standards (optional), such as wet productionor laboratory prints of inks and substrates having known ordesired drying properties.8. Test Specimen and Conditioning8.1 Set the rub tester on a sturdy bench, preferably in a roomconditioned at 23 6
22、 1C (73.4 6 2F) and 50 6 2 % relativehumidity, as described in Practice D 4332.9. Preparation of the Rub Tester9.1 Remove the one-pound weight of the rub tester andreplace with the special half-pound weight. Affix the 38-mmsquare rubber blanket (7.3) to the center portion of the weight.9.2 Remove th
23、e rubber pad from the lower surface of theinstrument. Replace with a glass plate of comparable size.9.3 In order to facilitate proper placement of the testspecimen, determine where the center stroke occurs and scribe,or otherwise indicate, a line on the glass plate. Similarly, scribelines to facilit
24、ate placement of the specimen in the left-to-rightdirection.10. Procedure10.1 Using the manufacturers instructions, ink up thelaboratory printing apparatus and pull a print on the agreedupon substrate. Measure the optical density. If not within60.05 of the desired value, discard and apply more or le
25、ss inkto the print maker. Prepare a sufficient number of prints so that,after cutting, there will be a minimum of six specimens eachabout 47 by 115 mm. Record the time of printing on eachspecimen.NOTE 1The wide rubber disk of the bench type print tester producesa printed strip 47-mm wide and 230-mm
26、long; by cutting in halfcross-wise, two 47 by 115 mm specimens per print are obtained. The plateof a common flat-bed proof press is 102 by 153 mm and also gives two 47by 115 mm specimens per print. In each case, three prints are needed toprovide six test specimens.10.2 A few minutes before an hour h
27、as elapsed, clamp asingle thickness piece of toweling to the receptor block of therub tester. With a pipet or eye dropper, place five drops ofsqualene oil on the towel in the region that lies over the rubberblanket. Using the thumb, work the oil into the toweling so thatit is fully saturated, but no
28、t dripping in the region over therubber blanket.10.3 Center a specimen on the glass plate and tape down.One hour after the print was made, place the weight in itslocation on top of the specimen and turn the instrument on.Conduct the test for 15 strokes (a stroke consists of one backand forth cycle).
29、10.4 Remove the specimen and receptor towel. Carefullyblot off any excess oil. Mark the number of hours that haveelapsed between the time of printing and that of rub testing.10.5 If inspection (11.1) indicates the print is not dry, set theprint and receptor towel aside, and repeat 10.2 to 10.4 onano
30、ther print specimen at 1-h (or other agreed upon) intervalsafter printing. If the ink has not completely dried at the end of6 h, then the time interval must be extended by starting from10.1 and running the tests at longer intervals or longer times.11. Evaluation11.1 Visually inspect the print for ev
31、idence of adverseeffects and the receptor towel for evidence of ink transfer.11.2 (Optional) Set the spectrophotometer to the followingcondition: Illuminant C, large aperture, 2 observer. Determinethe reflectance of the receptor towels as a function of time,using an oil-soaked towel as the 100 % ref
32、lectance standard.Plot results in the form of L* versus time, noting on the graphthe points at which visual drying (11.1) occurred. Drying canbe considered complete when L* = 80 %.12. Report12.1 Report the time in hours at which there is no visibleeffect on the test print or the L* value of the rece
33、ptor towelreaches 80 %.12.2 If a reference standard was used, report whether thedrying time of the test sample was shorter, equal to, or longerthan the standard.3Available from chemical supply houses.4Suitable rubber blanket is available from local graphic art supply houses.D 5909 96a (2006)213. Pre
34、cision and Bias513.1 PrecisionAn interlaboratory study of this testmethod was conducted in which 5 laboratories tested 3 inksranging in drying time from about 2 to 5 h. The overallstandard deviation was 0.74 h. Based on this result, thefollowing criteria should be used for judging the acceptabilityo
35、f results at the 95 % confidence level.13.1.1 RepeatabilityRepeatability cannot be determinedbecause the tests were not replicated.13.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo results obtained by operatorsin different laboratories should be considered suspect if theydiffer by more than 2 h.13.2 BiasBias cannot be dete
36、rmined because there are nostandard materials.14. Keywords14.1 drying; oxidative drying; paper; paperboard; printingink; squalene resistanceAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. MANUAL METHODX1.1 The generally accepted industrial practice for deter-mining“ drying” of inks involves wiping prints, pre
37、paredsimilarly to the procedure described in this test method, withcotton swabs or balls that have been impregnated with anappropriate fluid at various times.X1.2 As part of the interlaboratory round-robin conductedin 13.1, four of the participating laboratories concurrentlymeasured the drying time
38、of the same ink/paper combinationusing the procedure outlined in X1.1. Test results obtained bythe various operators differed by as much as 5 h, well beyondthe 2 h cited in 13.1.2.X1.3 The manual procedure is very operator sensitive dueprimarily to the variation in applied pressure when wiping thepr
39、int. The present method, involving a rub tester, serves tostandardize the applied force and wiping action.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised tha
40、t determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reappro
41、ved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you fe
42、el that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual rep
43、rints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).5Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request DocumentRR:D01-1097.D 5909 96a (2006)3
