1、Designation: D5952 08 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Guide for theInspection of Water Systems for Legionella and theInvestigation of Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis(Legionnaires Disease or Pontiac Fever)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5952; the number immediately following the d
2、esignation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers appropria
3、te responses for employers,building owners and operators, facility managers, health andsafety professionals, public health authorities, and others: (1)toa concern that a water system may be contaminated with thebacterium known as legionella (see 6.1); and (2)totheidentification of one or more cases
4、of Legionnaires disease orPontiac fever (see 6.3 6.5). Comprehensive and explicitrecommendations to limit legionella multiplication in watersystems, disinfect potential sources of human exposure tolegionella, and prevent health-care associated infections arebeyond this guides scope.1.2 The values st
5、ated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety a
6、nd health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.3 and 8.5 forspecific hazard statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1080 Specification for Asbestos-Cement Products OtherThan Fill For Cooling TowersD512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion I
7、n WaterD596 Guide for Reporting Results of Analysis of WaterD887 Practices for Sampling Water-Formed DepositsD1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of WaterD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1293 Test Methods for pH of WaterD1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD233
8、1 Practices for Preparation and Preliminary Testing ofWater-Formed DepositsD3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsD3856 Guide for Management Systems in LaboratoriesEngaged in Analysis of WaterD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresE645 Practice for Evaluation of Microbicid
9、es Used in Cool-ing Water SystemsF444 Consumer Safety Specification for Scald-PreventingDevices and Systems in Bathing AreasF445 Consumer Safety Specification for Thermal-Shock-Preventing Devices and Systems in Showering Areas2.2 APHA Documents:3Public Health Law Manual, Third EditionStandard Method
10、s for the Examination of Water andWastewater, Twenty-first EditionControl of Communicable Diseases Manual, EighteenthEdition2.3 ASHRAE Documents:4Codes and Standards. 2004 ASHRAE HandbookHeating,Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems and Equip-mentCooling Towers. 2004 ASHRAE HandbookHeating,Venti
11、lating, and Air-Conditioning Systems and Equip-mentWater Treatment. 2004 ASHRAE HandbookHeating,Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems and Equip-ment122000 Minimizing the Risk of Legionellosis Associatedwith Building Water Systems62.1-2007 ASHRAE Standard. Ventilation for AcceptableIndoor Air Qua
12、lity1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.08 on Sampling and Analysisof Mold.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as
13、D5952 08. DOI:10.1520/D5952-08R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Pu
14、blic Health Association (APHA), 800 I St., NW,Washington, DC 20001, http:/www.apha.org.4Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA30329, http:/www.ashrae.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
15、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.4 ASM Documents:Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Ninth Edition5Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Third Edition6Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology,Seventh Edition72.5 AWT Document:8Legionella 2003: An Upd
16、ate and Statement by the Associa-tion of Water Technologies (AWT)2.6 CDC Documents:92000 Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic InfectionsAmong Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients2003 Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control inHealth-Care Facilities2003 Guidelines for Preventing Hea
17、lth-Care-AssociatedPneumonia2005 Procedures for the Recovery of Legionella from theEnvironment2005 Case Definition for Legionellosis (Legionella pneumo-phila)2.7 Code of Federal Regulations:1042CFR84 Title 42, Volume 1, 84. Approval of RespiratoryProtective Devices2.8 CTI Document:11Legionellosis Gu
18、ideline: Best Practices for Control of Le-gionella2.9 OSHA Document:122003 Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) Technical Manual, Section III: Chapter 7, Le-gionnaires Disease2.10 WHO Document:13Legionella and the Prevention of Legionellosis3. Terminology3.1 Definitions from Compilati
19、on of ASTM Standard Defi-nitions:3.1.1 aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles ina gaseous medium.3.1.2 air conditioning, nthe simultaneous control of all, orat least the first three, of those factors affecting both thephysical and chemical conditions of the atmosphere within anystructur
20、e. These factors include temperature, humidity, motion,distribution, dust, bacteria, odor, and toxic gases.3.1.3 biocide, nany chemical intended for use to killorganisms.3.1.4 biofilm, nan accumulation of cells immobilized on asubstratum and frequently embedded in an organic polymermatrix of microbi
21、al origin.3.1.5 cooling tower, na structure used to dissipate heat inopen recirculating cooling systems.3.1.6 exposure, ncontact with a chemical, biological,physical, or other agent over a specified time period.3.1.7 inspection, nthe process of measuring, examining,testing, gaging, or otherwise eval
22、uating materials, products,services, systems, or environments.3.1.8 monitoring, nthe continual sampling, measuring,recording, or signaling, or both, of the characteristics of wateror waterborne material.3.1.9 pH, nthe negative logarithm of hydrogen-ion activ-ity in aqueous solution or the logarithm
23、of the reciprocal of thehydrogen-ion activity.3.1.10 sample, na portion of a population intended to berepresentative of the whole.3.1.11 sampling, na process consisting of the withdrawalor isolation of a fractional part of the whole.3.1.12 scale, na deposit formed from solution directlyupon a surfac
24、e.3.1.13 sludge, na water-formed sedimentary deposit.3.1.14 testing, nthe determination by technical means ofproperties; performance; or elements of materials, products,services, systems, or environments which involve applicationof established scientific principles and procedures.3.2 Definitions of
25、Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 acute phase, nof legionellosis, the initial phase ofinfection; the first weeks following symptom onset.3.2.2 antibody, nto legionella, a substance in blood syn-thesized in response to a legionella antigen that enters the body.3.2.3 antibody rise, nin legionella
26、antibody, an increase inthe highest serum dilution at which legionella antibody isdetected in a blood sample collected weeks or months afterlegionellosis onset as compared with the highest dilution for asample collected before or shortly after illness onset.3.2.4 antigen, nto legionella, a legionell
27、a molecule thatstimulates an antibody response by a host immune system.3.2.5 aseptically, advusing precautions to prevent con-tamination of samples by microorganisms.3.2.6 back-flow preventer, na control valve to preventreverse flow of water.3.2.7 bacterium, npl. -ria, a typically small unicellularm
28、icroorganism.5Edelstein, P.H., “Legionella,” in Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Murray,P.R., Ed., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC 20005, USA, 2007,pp. 835849.6Fields, B.S., “Legionellae and Legionnaires disease” in Manual of Environ-mental Microbiology,Hurst, C.J., Ed., American S
29、ociety for Microbiology,Washington, DC 20005, USA, 2007, pp. 10051015.7Edelstein, P.H., “Detection of Antibodies to Legionella,” in Manual ofMolecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology, Detrick, B., Hamilton, R.G.,Folds, J.D., Eds., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC 20005,USA, 2006,
30、 pp. 468476.8Available from Association of Water Technologies (AWT), 9707 Key WestAvenue, Suite 100, Rockville, MD 20850, http:/www.awt.org.9Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd.,Atlanta,
31、GA 30329-4027, http:/www.cdc.gov.10Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.11Available from Cooling Tower Institute, PO Box 681807, Houston, Texas77268, http:/www.cti.org.12Available from
32、Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov.13Available from World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva27, Switzerland, http:/www.who.int/en.D5952 08 (2015)23.2.8 CDC, nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention,U.
33、S. Public Health Service, Atlanta, Georgia.3.2.9 clean, adjvisibly free of sludge, sediment, scale,biofilm, algae, fungi, rust, corrosion, and extraneous matter.3.2.10 clean, vto remove sludge, sediment, scale, biofilm,algae, fungi, rust, corrosion, and extraneous matter by physicalor chemical means
34、.3.2.11 colony, nof legionella, a macroscopic group oflegionella cells arising from bacterial multiplication on thesurface of semisolid culture medium.3.2.12 colony-forming unit, nof legionella, a colony aris-ing from the multiplication of one or a cluster of viablelegionella.3.2.13 confirmed case,
35、nof Legionnaires disease, a caseof physician-diagnosed pneumonia verified by at least oneconfirmatory test as meeting the laboratory criteria jointlydeveloped by the CDC and the Council of State and TerritorialEpidemiologists.3.2.14 contamination, nwith legionella, the presence oflegionella on or in
36、 inanimate articles or substances.3.2.15 convalescent phase, nof legionellosis, the recoveryphase of infection, typically four to eight weeks followingsymptom onset.3.2.16 DFA, adjdirect fluorescent-antibody.3.2.17 dead leg, na length of pipe closed at one end orending at a fitting through which wat
37、er flows only when thefitting is open.3.2.18 direct fluorescent-antibody test, nfor legionella,astaining procedure that detects legionella surface antigensthrough the use of specific antibodies labeled with fluorescentcompounds; bacteria to which antibody has attached fluorescewhen viewed under appr
38、opriate irradiation.3.2.19 disinfect, vto eliminate virtually all pathogenicmicroorganisms, but not necessarily all microbiological forms,outside the body by direct exposure to chemical or physicalagents.3.2.20 drift, nfrom water-cooled heat-transfer equipment,water droplets carried from a cooling t
39、ower or other water-cooled heat-transfer system by air movement through the unit;drift can be confused with condensed water vapor appearing assteam leaving a unit.3.2.21 drift eliminator, na plastic, metal, or wood baffledesigned to entrain water droplets and to reduce aerosolescape.3.2.22 evaporati
40、ve condenser, na heat exchanger in whichrefrigerant is cooled by a combination of air movement andwater spraying.3.2.22.1 DiscussionEvaporative air coolers (swampcoolers), which do not produce large numbers of waterdroplets, have not been associated with legionella transmissionto date.3.2.23 exhaust
41、 outlet, nin a ventilation system, an outletfrom which an air-handling system discharges air outdoors.3.2.24 false-negative, adjincorrectly indicating the ab-sence of a finding, condition, or disease.3.2.25 false-positive, adjincorrectly indicating the pres-ence of a finding, condition, or disease.3
42、.2.26 free residual chlorine, nthe total concentration ofhypochlorous acid and hypochlorites available to act as disin-fectant.3.2.27 genus, na taxonomic classification of organisms;the division between the family or tribe and the species; agroup of species alike in broad organizational features but
43、different in detail.3.2.28 gram-negative, adjlosing the primary violet or bluestain during decolorization in Grams staining method.3.2.29 HVAC, adjheating, ventilating, and air-conditioning.3.2.30 humidifier, na device for adding moisture to air byboiling, spraying, or atomizing water.3.2.31 IHC, ni
44、mmunohistochemistry.3.2.32 immunocompromised, adja persons state when thebodys natural defenses to infection are below normal.3.2.33 immunohistochemistry, na staining procedure thatdetects antigens in tissue sections through the use of specificlabeled antibodies.3.2.34 in vitro, adj(Latin: in glass)
45、, refers to laboratorytests performed in a test tube or other container as opposed toa living system; the opposite of in vivo.3.2.35 in vivo, adj(Latin: in living), refers to laboratorytests performed in living organisms; the opposite of in vitro.3.2.36 incubation period, n of legionellosis, the tim
46、einterval between initial contact with legionella and appearanceof the first legionellosis sign or symptom.3.2.37 infection, nwith legionella, the entry anddevelopment, or multiplication, of legionella in humans.3.2.38 inspector, na person examining an environment forpossible contamination with legi
47、onella.3.2.39 investigator, na person conducting an epidemio-logical investigation of a potential legionellosis outbreak.3.2.40 isolate, na microorganism grown from a clinical orenvironmental sample.3.2.41 isolate, vin vitro growth of microorganisms onculture medium.3.2.42 Legionella, na bacterial g
48、enus containing over 50species and at least 71 serogroups; abbreviated to the firstinitial when used repeatedly with a species name, for example,L. pneumophila.3.2.43 legionella, npl. -ae, a bacterium in the genusLegionella.3.2.44 legionellosis, na respiratory illness caused by orassociated with leg
49、ionella; two forms of legionellosis due toinhalation of airborne legionella are recognized, that is, Le-gionnaires disease and Pontiac fever.D5952 08 (2015)33.2.45 Legionnaires disease, nan illness characterized bypneumonia and caused by or associated with legionellainfection, most often L. pneumophila.3.2.46 maintain, vto perform regular and routine activitiesaimed at preserving equipment, operational standards, andcleanliness; includes inspection, repair, preventive servicing,and cleaning.3.
