1、Designation: D5955 02 (Reapproved 2017)1Standard Test Methods forEstimating Contribution of Environmental Tobacco Smoketo Respirable Suspended Particles Based on UVPM andFPM1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5955; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEReapproved with editorial changes and warning notes editorially
3、 updated throughout in March 2017.1. Scope1.1 These test methods pertain to the sampling/analysis ofrespirable suspended particles (RSP) and the estimation of theRSP fraction attributable to environmental tobacco smoke(ETS). These test methods are based on collection of total RSPon a membrane filter
4、, extracting the collected material inmethanol, and measuring total ultraviolet absorbance orfluorescence, or both, of this extract. The correspondingmethods of estimation are termed ultraviolet particulate matter(UVPM) and fluorescent particulate matter (FPM), respec-tively.1.2 These test methods a
5、re compatible with, but do notrequire the determination of solanesol, which is also used toestimate the contribution of ETS to RSP (see Test MethodD6271).1.3 The sampling components consist of a preweighed,1.0-m pore size polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranefilter in a filter cassette connected o
6、n the inlet end to a particlesize separating device and, on the outlet end, to a samplingpump. These test methods are applicable to personal and areasampling.1.4 These test methods are limited in sample duration onlyby the capacity of the membrane filter (about 2000 g). Thesetest methods have been e
7、valuated up to a 24-h sample durationwith a minimum sample duration of at least 1 h.1.5 Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) forthe UVPM test method at a sampling rate of 2 L/min are,respectively, 2.5 g/m3and 8.3 g/m3for a 1-h sample durationand 0.3 g/m3and 1.0 g/m3for an 8-h sample dura
8、tion. TheLOD and LOQ for the FPM test method at a sampling rate of2 L/min are, respectively, 1.4 g/m3and 4.7 g/m3for a 1-hsample duration and 0.2 g/m3and 0.6 g/m3for an 8-h sampleduration.1.6 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included
9、 in thisstandard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to us
10、e. Specific precau-tionary information is given in 13.6.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations iss
11、ued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmosph
12、ericPressureD5337 Practice for Flow Rate Adjustment of Personal Sam-pling PumpsD6271 Test Method for Estimating Contribution of Environ-mental Tobacco Smoke to Respirable Suspended ParticlesBased on Solanesol3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, refer to Te
13、rminology D1356.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on AirQuality and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved March 15, 2017. Published March 2017. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2012
14、as D5955 02 (2012)1.DOI: 10.1520/D5955-02R17E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright AST
15、M International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Stan
16、dards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)an aged, dilutecomposite of exhaled tobacco smoke (exhaled mainstreamsmoke) and smoke from t
17、obacco products (sidestream smoke).3.2.2 environmental tobacco smoke particulate matter(ETS-PM)the particulate phase of ETS.3.2.3 fluorescent particulate matter (FPM)an estimationof the contribution of ETS particulate matter to RSP obtainedby comparing the fluorescence intensity of the RSP sample to
18、that of a surrogate standard.3.2.4 respirable suspended particles (RSP)particleswhich, when captured by a size-selective sampling device,conform to a collection efficiency curve with a median cutpointat an aerodynamic diameter of 4.0 m (1).33.2.5 surrogate standarda chemical whose concentrationhas b
19、een related quantitatively to a known concentration ofETS-PM.3.2.6 2,2,4,4-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (THBP)aUVPM surrogate standard.3.2.7 ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM)an estimationof the contribution of ETS particulate matter to RSP obtainedby comparing the ultraviolet absorbance of the RSP s
20、ample tothat of a surrogate standard.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 A known volume of air is drawn through an inertialimpactor or cyclone assembly separating at 4.0 m to separateRSP from total suspended particulate matter and then througha filter assembly. The respirable suspended particulate matter
21、iscollected on a PTFE membrane filter contained within the filterassembly.4.2 The weight of RSP is determined as the differencebetween the filter weight before and after collection. Theconcentration of RSP (g/m3) is calculated from the RSPweight and volume of air sampled.4.3 The filter is extracted
22、with methanol in a 4-mL glassvial.4.4 An aliquot of the extract is injected into a columnlesshigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systemequipped with an ultraviolet detector (325 nm) and a fluores-cence detector (300-nm excitation; 420-nm emission) con-nected in series. (Alternatively, abso
23、rbance and fluorescencemay be measured with bench-top spectrophotometers.)4.5 The area of the resulting UV peak is compared to areasobtained from the injection of standard solutions of THBP (asurrogate standard for ETS-PM). The area of the resultingfluorescence peak is compared to areas obtained fro
24、m theinjection of standard solutions of scopoletin (a surrogatestandard for ETS-PM). The results, which are estimates of thecontribution of ETS-PM to RSP, are reported as UVPM andFPM, respectively.5. Significance and Use5.1 Environmental tobacco smoke consists of both vapor-and particle-phase compon
25、ents. Due to the nature of vapor andparticulate phases, they rarely correlate well, and an accurateassessment of ETS levels in indoor air requires determininggood tracers of both phases. Among the attributes of an idealETS tracer, one critical characteristic is that the tracer should“remain in a fai
26、rly consistent ratio to the individual contami-nant of interest or category of contaminants of interest (forexample, suspended particulates) under a range of environmen-tal conditions.” (2). The UVPM and FPM fulfill thisrequirement, staying in a constant ratio to RSP from tobaccosmoke under a variet
27、y of ventilation conditions and samplingdurations. Solanesol (a C45isoprenoid alcohol specific totobacco), determined in accordance with Test Method D6271,is an ETS tracer or marker that also meets this requirement. Incontrast, nicotine (a component of the ETS vapor phase) doesnot remain in a consis
28、tent ratio to ETS-PM (3).5.2 To be able to quantify the contribution of ETS to RSP isimportant because RSP is not specific to tobacco smoke. TheRSP are a necessary indicator of overall air quality; theOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) haspreviously set a PEL (permissible exposure
29、level) for respi-rable dust in the workplace of 5000 g/m3. However, the RSPemanate from numerous sources (4) and have been shown to bean inappropriate tracer of ETS (5-13). In the test methodsdescribed herein, UVPM and FPM are used as more selectivemarkers to estimate more accurately the contributio
30、n of ETS toRSP (5-7, 9-18). Of the available ETS particulate phasemarkers (UVPM, FPM, and solanesol), all are currently usedand relied upon in investigations of indoor air quality, althoughUVPM and FPM can overestimate the contribution of tobaccosmoke to RSP due to potential interference from nontob
31、accocombustion sources. Solanesol, because it is tobacco-specificand ETS particle phase-specific, may be the best indicator ofthe ETS particulate phase contribution to RSP (9-13, 19-21).Refer to Test Method D6271 for the protocol on determiningsolanesol.6. Interferences6.1 Because the measured spect
32、ral properties are not uniqueto ETS-PM, these test methods will always be a conservativemeasure of (that is, they overestimate) the contribution of ETSto indoor RSP. Combustion sources are known to add signifi-cantly to the UVPM measure (19); FPM is considered to beless prone to, but not free from,
33、interferences. Due to thepotential presence of unquantifiable interferences, these testmethods provide only an indication of, and not the absolutelevel of, the contribution of ETS to indoor RSP.7. Apparatus7.1 Sample Collection:7.1.1 PTFE Filter, membrane filter with 1.0-m pore sizeand 37-mm diamete
34、r. The PTFE membrane is bonded to a highdensity polyethylene support net, referred to as the filterbacking, to improve durability and handling ease.7.1.2 Filter Sampling Assembly, consists of the PTFE mem-brane filter and a black, opaque, conductive polypropylene3The boldface numbers in parentheses
35、refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.D5955 02 (2017)12filter cassette in a three-piece configuration with a 1.27-cmspacer ring inserted between the top (inlet) and bottom (outlet)pieces. All connections to the filter assembly are made withflexible (for example, plastic) tubing.
36、7.1.3 Barometer and Thermometer, for taking pressure andtemperature readings at the sampling site.7.1.4 Bubble Flowmeter or Mass Flowmeter, for calibrationof the sampling pump.7.1.5 Personal Sampling Pump, portable constant-flow airsampling pump calibrated for a flow rate dependent upon theseparatin
37、g characteristics of the impactor or cyclone in use (see7.1.6).7.1.6 Inertial Impactor or Cyclone, with nominal cutpointof 4.0 m at the specified flow rate.NOTE 1If alternate definition of RSP is used (see 3.2.4), ensure thatthe impactor or cyclone is compatible with this definition.7.1.7 Stopcock G
38、rease, for coating impactor plates.7.2 Analytical System:7.2.1 Liquid Chromatography System, consists of HPLCpump, autosampler, ultraviolet detector, fluorescence detector,peak integration system, and 3.05-m stainless steel tubing with0.2-mm inside diameter. Note that no HPLC analytical columnis use
39、d. If this analysis is attempted using an ultravioletspectrophotometer, a cell with a path length of at least 40 mmis recommended.7.2.2 Sample Containers, low-actinic borosilicate glass au-tosampler vials, 4-mL capacity, with screw caps and PTFE-lined septa.7.2.3 Microgram Balance, for weighing filt
40、ers. (Readabil-ity = 1 g or lower.)7.2.4 Filter Forceps, for handling filters.7.2.5 Static Inhibitor, for removing static charge from filters.7.2.6 Wrist-action Shaking Device, for solvent extraction.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Un
41、less otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications are available. Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh pu
42、rity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.8.2 Methanol, HPLC grade, (CAS No. 67-56-1).8.3 2,2,4,4-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 99 %, (CAS No.131-55-5), UVPM surrogate standard.8.4 Scopoletin, 95 %, (CAS No. 92-61-5), FPM surrogatestandard.8.5 Glycerol, 99.5 %, (CAS No. 5
43、6-81-5).8.6 Water, distilled and deionized, (CAS No. 7732-18-5).8.7 Helium, 99.995 %, (CAS No. 7440-59-7), for continu-ous purging of methanol mobile phase.9. Sampling9.1 GeneralFor planning sampling programs, refer toPractice D1357.9.2 Procedure:9.2.1 Adjust the sampling pump to obtain the flow rat
44、especified for the particular type of inertial impactor or cyclonebeing used (see 7.1.6).9.2.2 Calibrate the personal sampling pump prior to andimmediately after sampling. For calibration, connect the flow-meter to the inlet of the inertial impactor or cyclone. Measureflow with the prepared filter s
45、ampling assembly in placebetween the pump and the impactor or cyclone. Refer toPractice D5337 for standard practice in calibrating personalsampling pumps.9.2.3 Record the barometric pressure and ambient tempera-ture.9.2.4 If using a mass flowmeter, record the volumetric flowrate, Q, of the sampling
46、pump. Generate several soap-filmbubbles in the flowmeter and allow them to thoroughly wet thesurface before recording any actual measurements. Measurethe time for a soap-film bubble to travel a known volume witha stopwatch. Obtain five replicate measurements and computethe mean time. Calculate the v
47、olumetric flow rate, Q, from Eq1:Q 5VR(1)where:Q = pump flow rate, L/min,V = volume measured with flowmeter, L, andR = average time for soap-film bubble to flow a knownvolume (V) in a flowmeter, min.9.2.5 With the prepared filter sampling assembly correctlyinserted and positioned between the impacto
48、r or cyclone andthe pump, turn on the pump power switch to begin sampling;record the start time.NOTE 2Most pumps have built-in elapsed time meters for presetsampling periods.9.2.6 Record the temperature and barometric pressure of theatmosphere being sampled.9.2.7 Acquire samples at the flow rate req
49、uired for theimpactor or cyclone in use (see 7.1.6), for a minimum time of1 h. Turn off the pump at the end of the desired sampling periodand record the time elapsed during sample collection.9.2.8 Recheck the flow rate of the pump again after sam-pling and use the average flow rate (mean of before and aftersampling) in later calculations.9.2.9 Immediately remove the filter cassette containing thesample collected on the membrane filter from the samplingsystem and seal the inlet and outlet ports of the filter cassettewith plastic plugs.9.2.10 Tre
