1、Designation: D 5979 96 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Guide forConceptualization and Characterization of Ground-WaterSystems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5979; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers an integrated, stepwise method for thequalitative conceptualization and quantitative chara
3、cterizationof ground-water flow systems, including the unsaturated zone,for natural or human-induced behavior or changes.1.2 This guide may be used at any scale of investigation,including site-specific, subregional, and regional applications.1.3 This guide describes an iterative process for developi
4、ngmultiple working hypotheses for characterizing ground-waterflow systems. This process aims at reducing uncertainty withrespect to conceptual models, observation, interpretation, andanalysis in terms of hypothesis and refinement of the mostlikely conceptual model of the ground-water flow system. Th
5、eprocess is also aimed at reducing the range of realistic valuesfor parameters identified during the characterization process.This guide does not address the quantitative uncertaintyassociated with specific methods of hydrogeologic and ground-water system characterization and quantification, for exa
6、mple,the effects of well construction on water-level measurement.1.4 This guide addresses the general procedure, types ofdata needed, and references that enable the investigator tocomplete the process of analysis and interpretation of each datatype with respect to geohydrologic processes and hydroge
7、o-logic framework. This guide recommends the groups of dataand analysis to be used during each step of the conceptualiza-tion process.1.5 This guide does not address the specific methods forcharacterizing hydrogeologic and ground-water system prop-erties.1.6 This guide does not address model selecti
8、on, design, orattribution for use in the process of ground-water flow systemcharacterization and quantification. This guide does not ad-dress the process of model schematization, including thesimplification of hydrologic systems and the representation ofhydrogeologic parameters in models.1.7 This gu
9、ide does not address special considerationsrequired for characterization of karst and fractured rock terrain.In such hydrogeologic settings, refer to Quinlan (1)2and GuideD 5717 for additional guidance.1.8 This guide does not address special considerationsregarding the source, fate, and movement of
10、chemicals in thesubsurface.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations p
11、rior to use.1.10 This guide offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be a
12、pplicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the t
13、itle of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2.1.1 This procedure is used in conjunction with the follow-ing ASTM Standards:D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids3D 5254 Practice
14、 for the Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground Water Site3D 5408 Guide for the Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround Water Site; Part 1Additional Identification De-scriptors3D 5409 Guide for the Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround Water Site; Part 2Physical Descriptors3D 5410 Guid
15、e for the Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround Water Site; Part 3Usage Descriptors3D 5447 Guide for Application of a Ground-Water FlowModel to a Site-Specific Problem31This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.
16、21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 10, 1996. Published November 1996.2The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of the text.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
17、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 5474 Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Ground-Water Investigations3D 5609 Guide for Defining Boundary Conditions inGround-Water Flow Modeling3D 5610 Guide for Defining Initial Conditions in Ground-Water Flow Modeling3D 5717 Gu
18、ide to Design of Ground-Water MonitoringSystems in Karst and Fractured-Rock Aquifers3D 5730 Guide to Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone,and Ground Water33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 conceptual modelan interpretation or working de-scrip
19、tion of the characteristics and dynamics of the physicalsystem.3.1.2 ground-water flow modelapplication of a math-ematical model to represent a regional or site-specific ground-water flow system.3.1.3 hydrologic systemthe general concepts of the hydro-logic elements, active hydrologic processes, and
20、 the interlink-ages and hierarchy of elements and processes.3.1.4 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, seeTerminology D 653 and Guide D 5447.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide presents an integrated approach for concep-tualizing and characterizing ground-water systems. The con-ceptualiz
21、ation and characterization process includes: ProblemDefinition and Data Base Development (Section 6); Prelimi-nary Conceptualization (Section 7); Surface Characterization(Section 8); Subsurface Characterization (Section 9); Hydro-geologic Characterization (Section 10); Ground-Water SystemCharacteriz
22、ation (Section 11); and Ground-Water SystemQuantification (Section 12) (see Fig. 1). Conceptualization andcharacterization is an iterative process beginning with a theo-retical understanding of the ground-water system followed bydata collection and refinement of the understanding. Additionaldata col
23、lection and analysis, and the refinement of the ground-water system conceptual model occurs during the entireprocess of conceptualization and characterization, and duringground-water model development and use (see Fig. 1).4.2 This guide presents an approach that can be used at anyscale. The nature o
24、f the problem to be solved will determine thetype and scale of data collected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Conceptualization and characterization of a ground-water system is fundamental to any qualitative or quantitativeanalysis. This conceptualization begins with simple abstrac-tions in the investiga
25、tors mind, emphasizing the major com-ponents of the studied system, that can be rendered in quali-tative terms or simple illustrations. The extent of furtherdevelopment of the representation of the system depends on thecharacter of the ground-water problem and the project objec-tive. The abstract co
26、ncept may suffice, or it may be furtherdefined and quantified through use of analytical models ofincreasing complexity, and, in some cases, numerical models may be employed. If numerical models are used, the level ofNOTE 1Conceptualization and characterization is an iterative processbeginning with a
27、 theoretical understanding of the ground-water systemfollowed by data collection and refinement of the understanding. Addi-tional data collection and analysis, and the refinement of the ground-watersystem conceptual model occurs during the process of conceptualizationand characterization, and during
28、 ground-water model development anduse.FIG. 1 Procedure for Conceptualization and Characterization ofGround-Water Flow Systems (32)D 5979 96 (2002)2detail and sophistication of features represented in the model islikely to increase as the project develops. Evolution of con-ceptualization of a ground
29、-water flow system should be termi-nated when the results of the related analyses are sufficient forthe problem being addressed.5.2 This guide may be used in the following:5.2.1 Evaluating natural variations in ground-water flowsystems.5.2.2 Evaluating anthropogenic stresses on ground-waterflow syst
30、ems, such as pumping for water supply, irrigation,induced infiltration, or well injection.5.2.3 Evaluating presence and velocity of ground-watercontaminants.5.2.4 Designing and selecting mathematical models tosimulate ground-water systems; and completing model sche-matization and attribution based o
31、n the problem defined,characterized ground-water flow system, and model(s) se-lected.5.2.5 Designing ground-water remediation systems.5.3 This guide is a flexible description of specific techniquesand investigation requirements; methods defined by otherASTM Standards or non-ASTM techniques may be ap
32、propriatein some circumstances and, after due consideration, some ofthe techniques herein may be omitted, altered, or enhanced.5.3.1 A comprehensive list of items to be considered con-ceptualization and characterization are included in the mainheadings (Sections 6 through 13) and first subheadings (
33、forexample, 7.1 and 8.1).5.3.2 In karst and fractured rock hydrogeologic settings, thisguide should be used in conjunction with Guide D 5717.5.4 The methods and amount of effort required for concep-tualization, characterization, and quantification of ground-water systems for modeling or other applic
34、ations will vary withsite conditions, objectives of investigation, and investigatorexperience. This guide does not replace proper academictraining and experience in hydrogeologic principles, or inground-water system analysis and quantification. This guidedoes not set mandatory guidelines and does no
35、t constitute a listof necessary steps or procedures for all investigations.5.5 This guide may be used for project planning and datacollection, but does not provide specific aspects for fieldcharacterization techniques. Refer to Table X1.1 in GuideD 5730, Practice D 5254, and Refs (2, 3, 4, and 5) fo
36、r furtherguidance regarding field characterization techniques.5.6 This guide may be used to generate the necessaryinformation as part of the process for model selection, design,and as input to model schematization, including the simplifi-cation of hydrologic systems and the representation of hydro-g
37、eologic parameters in models. Refer to Ref (6) for furtherguidance.6. Problem Definition and Data Base Development6.1 Define the Objectives of the ProjectOnce the objec-tives are defined, identify the appropriate facets and scale ofthe ground-water system for characterization.6.2 Define the SiteThe
38、boundaries of a site are definedusing one or more of the following considerations: natural sitecharacteristics (topography, soils, geology, hydrology, biota),current and past land use and ownership, or known or sus-pected extent of current or anticipated project-related stresses,which may include co
39、nes of depression or contaminant migra-tion. If site boundaries are initially defined by ownership,natural site characteristics of a broader scale should be evalu-ated to determine whether the scope of at least parts of theinvestigation should include areas that are off-site. For ex-ample, investiga
40、tions of ground-water contamination shouldinclude areas of potential sources upgradient and potentialmigration paths down-gradient from a site.6.3 Gather Data from Existing SourcesThis step involveslocating, collecting, and organizing the data needed (see Table1) to solve the problem into a manageab
41、le data base. SeePractice D 5254 and Guides D 5408, D 5409, D 5410, D 5474,and D 5730 for data elements to identify a ground-water site.6.3.1 Collect data, such as maps, tables, and reports, fromavailable published and unpublished sources, and field andTABLE 1 Data Topics and TypesTopography and Rem
42、ote Sensing:(a) Topography(b) Aerial photography(c) Satellite imagery(d) Multispectral data(e) Thermal imagery(f) Radar, side-looking airborne radar, microwave imageryGeomorphology:(a) Surficial geology or geomorphology maps(b) Engineering geology maps(c) Surface water inventory maps(d) Hydrography
43、digital line graphsGeology:(a) Geologic maps and cross sections(b) Lithologic or drillers logs, or bothGeophysics:(a) Gravity, electromagnetic magnetics, resistivity, and seismic survey dataor interpretations, or both(b) Natural seismic activity data(c) Borehole geophysical dataClimate:(a) Precipita
44、tion data(b) Temperature, humidity, and wind data(c) Evaporation data(d) Effects of climate change on hydrologic system informationVegetation:(a) Communities or species maps, or both(b) Density map(c) Agricultural species, crop calendars, consumptive use data(d) Land useLand cover mapsSoils:(a) Soil
45、 surveys(b) Soil properties determined from laboratory analysisHydrology:(a) Potentiometric head data(b) Subsurface test information(c) Subsurface properties determined from laboratory analyses(d) Previous work regarding modeling studies, hydrogeologic and ground-water system maps(e) Spring and seep
46、 data(f) Surface water data(g) Well design, construction, and development informationHydrochemistry/Geochemistry (Related to Ground-Water Flow System):(a) Subsurface chemistry derived from well samples(b) Surface water chemistry(c) Rock and soil chemistry(d) Water quality surveysAnthropogenic Aspect
47、s:(a) Planimetric maps(b) Land useLand cover maps(c) Roads, transportation, political boundary DLGs(d) Land ownership maps include historical information, if available(e) Resource management mapsD 5979 96 (2002)3laboratory studies. Note the methods used to collect andanalyze the data. Note levels of
48、 quality assurance and qualitycontrol as required by the project.6.3.2 Collect data from interviews of local and regionallyknowledgeable people. This may include, but is not limited to,worker histories, former practices, and engineering activitiesthat either changed the site or provide historical da
49、ta (locationof old wells, contaminant history, and so forth).6.4 Organize and Prepare Data Bases Based on ProjectObjectivesThis step involves organizing the data into appro-priate data bases that could include, but are not limited to:geomorphology, geology, geophysics, climate, vegetation,soils, hydrology, hydrochemistry/geochemistry, and anthropo-genic aspects (see Table 2).47. Preliminary Conceptualization7.1 Conduct field conceptualization using data bases devel-oped under Section 6. In areas where field data are sparse, basicphotointerpretation and terrain analysis t
