1、Designation: D6001 05 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Guide forDirect-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental SiteCharacterization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6001; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for samplinggroundwater at discrete points or in increments by
3、insertion ofsampling devices by static force or impact without drilling andremoval of cuttings. By directly pushing the sampler, the soil isdisplaced and helps to form an annular seal above the samplingzone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiplesampling events. Methods for obtainin
4、g water samples forwater quality analysis and detection of contaminants arepresented.1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used forgroundwater quality studies. Water quality may vary at differ-ent depths below the surface depending on geohydrologicconditions. Incremental sampling or sampling
5、 at discretedepths is used to determine the distribution of contaminantsand to more completely characterize geohydrologic environ-ments. These investigations are frequently required in charac-terization of hazardous and toxic waste sites.1.3 Direct-push methods can provide accurate informationon the
6、 distribution of water quality if provisions are made toensure that cross-contamination or linkage between waterbearing strata are not made. Discrete point sampling with asealed (protected) screen sampler, combined with on-siteanalysis of water samples, can provide the most accuratedepiction of wate
7、r quality conditions at the time of sampling.Direct-push water sampling with exposed-screen samplingdevices may be useful and are considered as screening toolsdepending on precautions taken during testing. Exposed screensamplers may require development or purging depending onsampling and quality ass
8、urance plans. Results from direct-pushinvestigations can be used to guide placement of permanentgroundwater monitoring wells and direct remediation efforts.Multiple sampling events can be performed to depict condi-tions over time. Use of double tube tooling, where the outerpush tube seals the hole,
9、prevents the sampling tools fromcoming in contact with the formation, except at the samplingpoint.1.4 Field test methods described in this guide includeinstallation of temporary well points, and insertion of watersamplers using a variety of insertion methods. Insertion meth-ods include: (1) soil pro
10、bing using combinations of impact,percussion, or vibratory driving with or without additions ofsmooth static force; (2) smooth static force from the surfaceusing hydraulic cone penetrometer (Guide D6067) or drillingequipment (Guide ), and incremental drilling combined withdirect-push water sampling
11、events. Under typical incrementaldrilling operations, samplers are advanced with assistance ofdrilling equipment by smooth hydraulic push, or mechanicalimpacts from hammers or other vibratory equipment. Direct-push water sampling maybe combined with other samplingmethods (Guide ) in drilled holes. M
12、ethods for boreholeabandonment by grouting are also addressed.1.5 Direct-push water sampling is limited to soils that canbe penetrated with available equipment. In strong soils damagemay result during insertion of the sampler from rod bending orassembly buckling. Penetration may be limited, or damag
13、e tosamplers or rods can occur in certain ground conditions, someof which are discussed in 5.6. Information in this procedure islimited to sampling of saturated soils in perched or saturatedgroundwater conditions. Some soil formations do not yieldwater in a timely fashion for direct-push sampling. I
14、n the caseof unyielding formations direct-push soil sampling can beperformed (Guide ).1.6 This guide does not address installation of permanentwater sampling systems such as those presented in PracticeD5092. Direct-push monitoring wells for long term monitoringare addressed in Guide D6724 and Practi
15、ce D6725.1.7 Direct-push water sampling for geoenvironmental ex-ploration will often involve safety planning, administration,and documentation.1.8 This guide does not purport to address all aspects ofexploration and site safety. It is the responsibility of the user ofthis guide to establish appropri
16、ate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations beforeits use.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition appro
17、ved Jan. 15, 2012. Published December 2012. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D6001 05. DOI:10.1520/D6001-05R12.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.9 This guide offers an organized col
18、lection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is
19、not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has
20、 been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring WellsD4750 Test
21、Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell) (Withdrawn 2010)3D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground WaterMonitoring WellsD5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data
22、Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water SiteD5314 Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring in the Vadose ZoneD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and RockD5474 Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Groundwa-ter InvestigationsD5521 Guide for Development of Ground-Water MonitoringWells i
23、n Granular AquifersD5730 Guide for Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zoneand GroundwaterD5778 Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone and Piezo-cone Penetration Testing of SoilsD5903 Guide for Planning and Preparing for a GroundwaterSampling Eve
24、ntD6067 Practice for Using the Electronic Piezocone Pen-etrometer Tests for Environmental Site CharacterizationD6089 Guide for Documenting a Ground-Water SamplingEventD6235 Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Va-dose Zone and Groundwater Contamination at HazardousWaste Contaminated Sites
25、D6452 Guide for Purging Methods for Wells Used forGroundwater Quality InvestigationsD6517 Guide for Field Preservation of GroundwaterSamplesD6564 Guide for Field Filtration of Groundwater SamplesD6634 Guide for the Selection of Purging and SamplingDevices for Ground-Water Monitoring WellsD6724 Guide
26、 for Installation of Direct Push GroundwaterMonitoring WellsD6725 Practice for Direct Push Installation of PrepackedScreen Monitoring Wells in Unconsolidated AquifersD6771 Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Sampling forWells and Devices Used for Ground-Water Quality Inves-tigations (Withdrawn 2011)3D
27、6911 Guide for Packaging and Shipping EnvironmentalSamples for Laboratory Analysis2.2 Drilling Methods:2D5781 Guide for the Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-CirculationDrilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Instal-lation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5782 Guide for the Use of Dir
28、ect Air-Rotary Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5783 Guide for the Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring Devi
29、cesD5784 Guide for the Use of Hollow-Stem Augers forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5875 Guide for the Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and Sam-pling Methods for Geoenvironmental Explorations andInstallation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monito
30、ring De-vicesD5876 Guide for the Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for GeoenvironmentalExploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD6286 Guide to the Selection of Drilling Methods forEnvironmental Site Characterization2.3 Soil Samplin
31、g:2D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD6169 Guide to the Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drilling Rigs for EnvironmentalInvestigationsD6282 Guide for Direct-Push Soil Sampling for Environ-mental Site Characterization3. Terminology3.1 Terminology used within this g
32、uide is in accordancewith Terminology D653 with the addition of the following:3.2 Definitions in Accordance with Practice D5092:3.2.1 bailera hollow tubular receptacle used to facilitateremoval of fluid from a well or borehole.3.2.2 boreholea circular open or uncased subsurface holecreated by drilli
33、ng.3.2.3 casingpipe, finished in sections with either threadedconnections or beveled edges to be field welded, which isinstalled temporarily or permanently to counteract caving, to2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org
34、. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.D6001 05 (2012)2advance the borehole, or to isolate the interval beingmonitored, or combination t
35、hereof.3.2.4 caving; sloughingthe inflow of unconsolidated ma-terial into a borehole that occurs when the borehole walls losetheir cohesive strength.3.2.5 centralizera device that helps in the centering of acasing or riser within a borehole or another casing.3.2.6 jettingwhen applied as a drilling m
36、ethod, water isforced down through the drill rods or riser pipe and out throughthe end openings. The jetting water then transports the gener-ated cuttings to the ground surface in the annulus of the drillrods or casing and the borehole. The term jetting may also referto a well development technique.
37、3.2.7 PTFE tapejoint sealing tape composed of polytetra-fluorethylene.3.2.8 well screena filtering device used to retain theprimary or natural filter pack; usually a cylindrical pipe withopenings of uniform width, orientation, and spacing.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 asse
38、mbly lengthlength of sampler body and riserpipes.3.3.2 bentonitethe common name for drilling fluid addi-tives and well construction products consisting mostly ofnaturally occurring sodium montmorillonite. Some bentoniteproducts have chemical additives that may affect water qualityanalyses (see 9.3.3
39、).3.3.3 direct-push samplingsampling devices that are di-rectly inserted into the soil to be sampled without drilling orborehole excavation.3.3.4 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-surface by mechanical means; also, known as borehole orboring.3.3.5 effective screen lengththe length o
40、f a screen open orexposed to water bearing strata.3.3.6 effective seal lengththe length of soil above the wellscreen that is in intimate contact with the riser pipe andprevents connection of the well screen with groundwater fromother zones.3.3.7 grab samplingthe process of collecting a sample offlui
41、d exposed to atmospheric pressure through the riser pipewith bailers or other methods that may include pumping; alsoknown as batch sampling.3.3.8 incremental drilling and samplinginsertion methodwhere rotary drilling and sampling events are alternated forincremental sampling. Incremental drilling is
42、 often needed topenetrate harder or deeper formations.3.3.9 percussion drivinginsertion method where rapidhammer impacts are performed to insert the sampling device.The percussion is normally accompanied with application ofstatic down force.3.3.10 push depththe depth below a ground surface datumthat
43、 the end or tip of the direct-push water sampling device isinserted.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Direct-push water sampling consists of pushing a pro-tected well screen to a known depth, opening the well screenover a known interval, and sampling water from the interval. Awell point with an exposed screen
44、can also be pushed withunderstanding of potential cross-contamination effects andpurging requirements considered. A sampler with constantoutside diameter is inserted directly into the soil by hydraulicjacking or hammering until sufficient riser pipe is seated intothe soil to ensure a seal. Protected
45、 well screens can be exposedby retraction of riser pipes. While the riser is seated in the soil,water samples can be taken, and water injection or pressuremeasurements may be performed.5. Significance and Use5.1 Direct-push water sampling is an economical methodfor obtaining discrete groundwater sam
46、ples without the ex-pense of permanent monitoring well installation (1-6).4Thisguide can be used to profile potential groundwater contamina-tion with depth by performing repetitive sampling events.Direct-push water sampling is often used in expedited sitecharacterization (Practice D6235). Soils to b
47、e sampled must bepermeable to allow filling of the sampler in a relatively shorttime. The zone to be sampled can be isolated by matching wellscreen length to obtain discrete samples of thin aquifers. Use ofthese sampling techniques will result in more detailed charac-terization of sites containing m
48、ultiple aquifers. By inserting aprotected sampling screen in direct contact with soil and withwatertight risers, initial well development (Guide D5521) andpurging of wells (Guide D6452) may not be required for thefirst sampling event. Discrete water sampling, combined withknowledge of location and t
49、hickness of target aquifers, maybetter define conditions in thin multiple aquifers than monitor-ing wells with screened intervals that can intersect and allowfor intercommunication of multiple aquifers (4,6,7,9,13).Direct-push sampling performed without knowledge of thelocation and thickness of target aquifers can result in samplingof the wrong aquifer or penetration through confining beds.5.2 For sites that allow surface push of the sampling device,discrete water sampling is often performed in conjunction withthe cone penetration test (Test Method D6067) (4-9), w
