1、Designation:D600697a (Reapproved 2008) Designation: D6006 11Standard Guide forAssessing Biodegradability of Hydraulic Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6006; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers and provides information to assist in planning a laboratory test or series of tests fro
3、m which may beinferred information about the biodegradability of an unused fully formulated hydraulic fluid in its original form. Biodegradabilityis one of three characteristics which are assessed when judging the environmental impact of a hydraulic fluid. The other twocharacteristics are ecotoxicit
4、y and bioaccumulation.1.2 Biodegradability may be considered by type of environmental compartment: aerobic fresh water, aerobic marine, aerobicsoil, and anaerobic media. Test methods for aerobic fresh water, aerobic soil and anaerobic media have been developed that areappropriate for the concerns an
5、d needs of testing in each compartment.1.3 This guide addresses releases to the environment that are incidental to the use of a hydraulic fluid but is not intended to coversituations of major, accidental release. The tests discussed in this guide take a minimum of three to four weeks. Therefore, iss
6、uesrelating to the biodegradability of hydraulic fluid are more effectively addressed before the fluid is used, and thus before incidentalrelease may occur. Nothing in this guide should be taken to relieve the user of the responsibility to properly use and dispose ofhydraulic fluids.1.4 The values s
7、tated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safet
8、y and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5210 Test Method for Determining the Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in the Presence of Municipal SewageSludgeD5291 Test Methods for Instrumental Det
9、ermination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and LubricantsD5480 Test Method for Engine Oil Volatility by Gas ChromatographyD5864 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their ComponentsE1196 Test Method for Determining the Anaerobic Biodegra
10、dation Potential of Organic Chemicals332.2 ISO Standards:ISO 9439:1990 Technical Corrigendum I, Water QualityEvaluation in an Aqueous Medium of the Ultimate Biodegradabilityof Organic Compounds4ISO 4259:1992(E) Petroleum ProductsDetermination and Application of Precision Data in Relation to Methods
11、of Test42.3 OECD Standards:OECD 301B (the Modified Sturm Test) Guidelines for Testing Chemicals5OECD 301F (the Manometric Respirometry Test) Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals51This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsi
12、bility of Subcommittee D02.12 onEnvironmental Standards for Lubricants.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D600697a(2003). DOI:10.1520/D6006-97AR08.Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published Ma
13、rch 2011. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D600697a(2008). DOI:10.1520/D6006-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer
14、to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4Available from Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), 2, rue Andr Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.4Available from
15、 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.5Available from Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), 2, rue Andr Pascal, F-75775 Par
16、is Cedex 16, France.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that us
17、ers consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Definitio
18、ns:3.1.1 aerobic, adj1. taking place in the presence of oxygen; 2. living or active in the presence of oxygen.3.1.2 anaerobic, adj1. taking place in the absence of oxygen; 2. living or active in the absence of oxygen.3.1.3 biodegradation, nthe process of chemical breakdown or transformation of a sub
19、stance caused by organisms or theirenzymes.3.1.3.1 DiscussionBiodegradation is only one mechanism by which materials are transformed in the environment.3.1.4 biomass, nany material, excluding fossil fuels, which is or was a living organism or component of a living organism.biological material includ
20、ing any material other than fossil fuels which is or was a living organism or component or product ofa living organism.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn biology and environmental science, biomass is typically expressed as density of biological material perunit sample volume, area, or mass (g biomass/g(or/mLor/cm
21、2) sample); when used for products derived from organismsbiomass is typically expressed in terms of mass (kg, MT, etc.) or volume (L, m3, bbl, etc.).3.1.4.2 DiscussionProducts of living organisms include those materials produced directly by living organisms as metabolites(for example, ethanol, vario
22、us carbohydrates and fatty acids), materials manufactured by processing living organisms (for example:pellets manufactured by shredding and pelletizing plant material) and materials produced by processing living organisms, theircomponents or metabolites (for example, transesterified oil; also called
23、 biodiesel).3.1.5 blank, nin biodegradability testing, a test system containing all system components with the exception of the testsubstance.3.1.6 environmental compartment, na subdivision of the environment based on physical or chemical properties, or both.3.1.6.1 DiscussionExamples of environment
24、al compartments are aerobic fresh water, aerobic marine, and aerobic soil. Theresults of test procedures may be applied to environmental compartments but the test systems do not constitute an environmentalcompartment.3.1.7 inoculum, nspores, bacteria, single celled organisms, or other live materials
25、 that are introduced into a test medium.3.1.8 preadaptation, nthe incubation of an inoculum in the presence of the test substance which is done prior to the initiationof the test and under conditions similar to the test conditions.3.1.8.1 DiscussionThe aim of preadaptation is to improve the precisio
26、n of the test method by decreasing variability in the rateof biodegradation produced by the inoculum. Preadaptation may mimic the natural processes which cause changes in the microbialpopulation of the inoculum leading to more rapid biodegradation of the test substance, but it is not expected to cha
27、nge the finaldegree of biodegradation.3.1.9 primary biodegradation, ndegradation of the test substance resulting in a change in its physical or chemical properties,or both.3.1.10 primary biodegradation test, na test which follows the disappearance of a test substance by measuring some attributeof th
28、e substance.3.1.10.1 DiscussionThe extent to which the results of a primary biodegradation test correspond to the biological conversionof the test substance will depend on the attribute which is being measured.3.1.11 sonication, nthe act of subjecting a material to the shearing forces of high-freque
29、ncy sound waves.3.1.11.1 DiscussionSonication of a two phase liquid system may result in the dispersal of one phase as fine droplets in theother phase.3.1.12 ultimate biodegradation, ndegradation achieved when a substance is totally utilized by microorganisms resulting in theproduction of carbon dio
30、xide (and possibly methane in the case of anaerobic biodegradation), water, inorganic compounds, andnew microbial cellular constituents (biomass or secretions, or both).3.1.13 ultimate biodegradation test, na test which estimates the extent to which the carbon in a product is converted to CO2or meth
31、ane, either directly, by measuring the production of CO2or methane, or, in the case of aerobic biodegradation, indirectlyby measuring the consumption of O2.3.1.13.1 DiscussionThe measurement of new biomass usually is not attempted.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide gives two kinds of information whic
32、h relate to testing of hydraulic fluids for biodegradability. First, it givesinformation of a general nature relating to biodegradability. For example, it includes definitions of terms not traditionally used byusers or producers of hydraulic fluids (Section 3) and a brief discussion of some of the t
33、echnical issues which are common to mostbiodegradability tests when they are applied to hydraulic fluids (Section 7). Second, the guide gives more specific information onthe methods, advantages, and disadvantages of several of the biodegradation tests frequently used for hydraulic fluids (Section 6)
34、.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide discusses ways to assess the likelihood that a hydraulic fluid will undergo biodegradation if it enters anenvironment that is known to support biodegradation of some substances, for example the material used as the positive control inthe test. The information c
35、an be used in making or assessing claims of biodegradability of a fluid formula.5.2 Biodegradation occurs when a fluid interacts with the environment, and so the extent of biodegradation is a function of bothD6006 112the chemical composition of the hydraulic fluid and the physical, chemical, and bio
36、logical status of the environment at the timethe fluid enters it. This guide cannot assist in judging the status of a particular environment, so it is not meant to provide standardsfor judging the persistence of a hydraulic fluid in any specific environment either natural or man-made.5.3 If any of t
37、he tests discussed in this guide gives a high result, it implies that the hydraulic fluid will biodegrade and will notpersist in the environmental compartment being considered. If a low result is obtained, it does not mean necessarily that thesubstance will not biodegrade in the environment, but doe
38、s mean that further testing is required if a claim of biodegradability isto be made. Such testing may include, but is not limited to, other tests mentioned in this guide or simulation tests for a particularenvironmental compartment.6. Test Methods6.1 Aerobic Fresh Water EnvironmentThe most commonly
39、performed tests cover aerobic biodegradation in fresh water. Thetests conducted for this compartment may be ultimate biodegradation tests measuring CO2production or primary biodegradationtests measuring the disappearance of the test fluid. The test medium is based on high-grade, carbon-free water. S
40、ome salts will beincluded as necessary for maintenance of solution pH and provision of trace minerals necessary for microbial life.6.1.1 The majority of ultimate biodegradation tests measure produced CO2. Examples of test procedures for ultimatebiodegradability in an aerobic aquatic environment are:
41、 the Modified Sturm Test (OECD 301B); the Manometric Respirometry Test(OECD 301F); the U.S. EPAAerobic Aquatic Biodegradation Test, which also is called the EPA Shake Flask Test and was derivedfrom the Gledhill Test (1);6Test Method D5864; and the ISO Test 9439:1990. With the exception of Test Metho
42、d D5864, thesetests were originally designed for water-soluble pure compounds and so the test procedures allow some procedural options that arenot suitable for water-insoluble substances, such as addition of the test substance in an aqueous solution or calculation, rather thanmeasurement, of carbon
43、content. In other tests, such as the Manometric Respirometry Test, oxygen consumption is measured asa surrogate for CO2production. Oxygen consumption is not a direct measure of ultimate biodegradation but is expected to correlateclosely with it. The procedures listed are screening tests suitable for
44、 laboratory evaluation of the hydraulic fluid. Although all thetests referred to above specify that the length of the test is 28 days, a high level of biodegradation in longer time frames can betaken as evidence that the hydraulic fluid is ultimately biodegradable and nonpersistent in fresh water.6.
45、1.1.1 If the biodegradability of a hydraulic fluid with a nonnegligible vapor pressure is measured in any one of these tests,except the OECD 301F, a false negative may result. The hydraulic fluid could vaporize from the test solution before conversionto CO2. In this case a biodegradable fluid would
46、have a low measured percent theoretical CO2. If the aerobic aquaticbiodegradability of a volatile hydraulic fluid is to be measured, the OECD 301F test should be used.6.1.2 Tests for primary biodegradation must be designed for specific classes of test substances. The results of a primarybiodegradati
47、on test should not be considered equivalent to or substitutable for the results of an ultimate biodegradation test.6.1.2.1 The most commonly performed primary biodegradation test for lubricants is the CEC L-33-A-94 test, developed by theCoordinating European Council in the early 1980s and approved b
48、y the CEC in 1993. This test, which was called the CECL-33-T-82 test prior to approval, measures the IR absorption spectrum of saturated carbons found in the test materials. It wasdesigned specifically for two-stroke outboard engine lubricants; however, it is frequently used for measuring the biodeg
49、radabilityof other lubricants. It is suitable for measuring the primary biodegradation of hydraulic fluids if they have methylene hydrogens(-CH2-) in their chemical structures. CEC results for some materials have been found to correlate with the results of ultimatebiodegradation tests, but for some substances results from the CEC L-33-A-94 test over-predict ultimate biodegradability results(2, 3, 4, 5). The test is not suitable for either volatile or water soluble test materials.6.2 Aerobic Marine EnvironmentTests for oil biodegradation in a marine envir
