1、Designation:D600996 (Reapproved 2006) Designation: D6009 12Standard Guide forSampling Waste Piles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6009; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidance for obtaining representative samples from waste piles. Guidance is provided for siteevaluation, samplin
3、g design, selection of equipment, and data interpretation.1.2 Waste piles include areas used primarily for waste storage or disposal, including above-grade dry land disposal units. Thisguide can be applied to sampling municipal waste piles.1.3 This guide addresses how the choice of sampling design a
4、nd sampling methods depends on specific features of the pile.1.41.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4.1 ExceptionThe inch-pound units in parentheses are included for information only and are not considered st
5、andard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referen
6、ced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger BoringsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for
7、 Volatile Organic CompoundsD4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsolidated SedimentsD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste SitesD5314 Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring
8、 in the Vadose ZoneD5451 Practice for Sampling Using a Trier SamplerD5518 Guide for Acquisition of File Aerial Photography and Imagery for Establishing Historic Site-Use and SurficialConditionsD5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementD5730 Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Pur
9、poses With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone and GroundWater3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: (See also Terminology D5681.)3.1.1 hot spotsstrata that contain high concentrations of the characteristic of interest and are relatively small in size whencompared with
10、 the total size of the materials being sampled.3.1.2 representative samplea sample collected such that it reflects one or more characteristics of interest (as defined by theproject objectives) of the population from which it was collected.3.1.2.1 DiscussionA representative sample can be a single sam
11、ple, a set of samples, or one or more composite samples.3.1.3 waste pileunconfined storage of solid materials in an area of distinct boundaries, above grade and usually uncovered.This includes the following:1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the di
12、rect responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on Planning forSampling.Current edition approved Feb.Jan. 1, 2006.2012. Published March 2006.February 2012. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20012006 asD6009 - 96(20016). DOI: 10.1520/D6009-96R06.10.1520/D6009-12.2For refere
13、nced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide
14、 the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the sta
15、ndard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3.1 chemical manufacturing waste pilea pile consisting primarily of discarded chemical products (whether marketab
16、le ornot), by-products, radioactive wastes, or used or unused feedstocks.3.1.3.2 scrap metal or junk pilea pile consisting primarily of scrap metal or discarded durable goods such as appliances,automobiles, auto parts, or batteries.3.1.3.3 trash pilea pile of waste materials from municipal sources,
17、consisting primarily of paper, garbage, or discardednondurable goods that contain or have contained hazardous substances. It does not include waste destined for recyclers.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to provide guidance for sampling waste piles. It can be used to obtain samples
18、for wastecharacterization related to use, treatment, or disposal; to monitor an active pile; to prepare for closure of the waste pile; or toinvestigate the contents of an abandoned pile.4.2 Techniques used to sample include both in-place evaluations of the pile and physically removing a sample. In-p
19、laceevaluations include techniques such as remote sensing, on-site gas analysis, and permeability.4.3 Sampling strategy for waste piles is dependent on the following:4.3.1 Project objectives including acceptable levels of error when making decisions;4.3.2 Physical characteristics of the pile, such a
20、s its size and configuration, access to all parts of it, and the stability of the pile;4.3.3 Process that generated the waste and the waste characteristics, such as hazardous chemical or physical properties, whetherthe waste consists of sludges, dry powders, granules or granules,larger grained mater
21、ials, and the heterogeneity of the wastes;4.3.4 History of the pile, including dates of generation, methods of handling and transport, and current management methods;4.3.5 Regulatory considerations, such as regulatory classification and characterization data;4.3.6 Limits and bias of sampling methods
22、, including bias that may be introduced by waste heterogeneity, sampling design, andsampling equipment.4.4 It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunction with Guide D4687, which addresses sampling design, qualityassurance, general sampling considerations, preservation and containerization,
23、 cleaning equipment, packaging, and chain ofcustody.4.5 A case history of the investigation of a waste pile is included in Appendix X1.5. Site Evaluation5.1 Site evaluations are performed to assist in designing the most appropriate sampling strategy. An evaluation may consist ofon-site surveys and i
24、nspections, as well as a review of historical data. Nonintrusive geophysical and remote sensing methods areparticularly useful at this stage of the investigation (see Guide D5518). Table 1 summarizes the effects that various factorsassociated with the waste pile, such as the history of how the pile
25、was generated, have upon the strategy and design of the samplingplan. The strategic and design considerations are discussed as well.5.2 Generation HistoryThe waste pile may have been created over an extended time period. A remote sensing method thatis very useful in establishing historical managemen
26、t practices for waste piles is aerial imagery. Aerial photographs and satelliteimagery are widely available and may be used to determine the history of a waste pile, sources of waste, and the presence anddistribution of different strata. Satellite imagery could be used for larger waste piles.5.2.1 T
27、he date of generation could be important with respect to the types of processes that generated the waste, thecharacteristics of the waste, the distribution of the constituents, and regulatory concerns.5.2.2 The type of process that generated the waste will determine the types of constituents that ma
28、y be present in the waste pile.Chemical variability will influence the number of samples that are required to characterize the waste pile unless a directed (biased)sampling approach is acceptable.TABLE 1 Strategy FactorsWaste Pile Factors Strategic Considerations Design ConsiderationsGeneration hist
29、ory Date of generation Analysis requiredTypes of processes Location of samplesCharacteristics by processDelivery methodCurrent managementRegulatory considerationsPhysical characteristicsof pile:Physical variability of pile Number of samples size Access Location of samples shape Safety Equipment sele
30、ction stabilityWaste characteristics Constituents present Number of samplesConstituent distribution Analysis requiredHeterogeneity Location of samples physical variability Representativesamples chemical variability Equipment selectionD6009 1225.2.3 The delivery method of the material to the waste pi
31、le could influence the concentrations of the constituents, affect theoverall shape of the pile, or create physical dissimilarity within the waste pile through sorting by particle size or density.5.2.4 If the pile is under current management and use, the variability in constituent types and concentra
32、tions may be affected.Current management activities also may influence the regulatory status of the waste pile, and therefore, the potential samplingprotocols.5.2.5 Regulatory considerations will typically focus on waste identification questions,; in other words iswords, “Is the materiala solid wast
33、e that should be regulated and managed as a hazardous waste?” (1).3This may involve a limited, directed samplingapproach, particularly if a regulatory agency is conducting the investigation. A more comprehensive sampling design may berequired to determine if the waste classifies as hazardous. Remedi
34、ation efforts and questions regarding permits may focus oncharacterizing the entire pile, possibly as the removal of material is occurring. It should be noted that concentrations ofcontaminants near regulatory levels may increase the number of samples required to meet the objectives of the investiga
35、tion. Theseregulatory levels could be those established to determine if a waste is hazardous, or “cleanup” levels set for a removal orremediation.5.3 Physical Characteristics of PileSeveral physical characteristics of the waste pile must be considered during the siteevaluation. Variability in size,
36、shape, and stability of the pile affects access to it to obtain samples as well as safety considerations.Physical variability will influence the number of samples that are required to characterize the waste pile unless a directed (biased)sampling approach is considered to be acceptable. Techniques t
37、hat might be used include resistivity and seismic refraction (fordetermining the depth of very large piles).5.3.1 The size of the waste pile will influence the sampling strategy in that increasing size is often accompanied by increasedvariability in the physical characteristics of the waste pile. Th
38、e number of samples, however, that are needed to characterize a wastepile adequately will typically be a function of the study objectives as well as the inherent variability of the pile.5.3.2 The shape of the waste pile can influence the sampling strategy by limiting access to certain locations with
39、in the pile, andif it is topologically complex it is difficult to lay out a sampling grid.Also, a waste pile may extend vertically both above and belowgrade, making decisions regarding the depth of sample collection difficult.5.3.3 The stability of the waste pile also can limit access to both the fa
40、ce and the interior of the pile. The use of certain typesof heavier sampling equipment also could be limited by the ability of the pile to bear the weight of the equipment.5.4 Waste Characteristics:5.4.1 The constituents could include inorganics, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and semivolatile o
41、rganic compounds(including pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (see Practice D4547). Speciality analyses may be warranted, such asleaching tests or analyses for dioxin/furans or explosive compounds. Soil gas sampling is a minimally intrusive technique that maydetect the presence and dist
42、ribution of volatile organic compounds in soils and in porous, unconsolidated materials. Appropriateapplications for soil gas monitoring are identified in Guide D5314.5.4.2 The distribution of constituents in the waste pile could be influenced by changes in the manufacturing process whichresulted in
43、 changes in the composition of the waste; the length of time the material has remained in the pile (particularly for VOCs);the mode of delivery of the waste materials to the pile; and management practices, such as mixing together wastes from more thanone process.5.4.3 Physical and chemical variabili
44、ties would include variability in the chemical characteristics of the material within the pile,as well as variability in particle size, density, hardness, whether brittle or flexible, moisture content, consolidated, orunconsolidated. The variability may be random or found as strata of materials havi
45、ng different properties or containing differenttypes or concentrations of constituents.5.4.3.1 Geophysical survey methods may be used on piles to estimate physical homogeneity, which may or may not be relatedto chemical homogeneity, and to detect buried objects, both of which may need to be consider
46、ed during the development of thesampling design and the safety plan for the investigation. The most suitable technique for detecting nonmetallic objects iselectromagnetics. Ground-penetrating radar, a more sophisticated and complex technique, also may be considered. Electromagnetictechniques are sui
47、ted particularly to large piles that contain leachate plumes (for example, mine tailings) or for the detection oflarge discontinuities in a pile (for example, different types of wastes or the transition from a disposal area to background soils).For metallic objects, metal detectors and magnetometers
48、 are useful and relatively easy to use in the field.5.5 Potential Investigation Errors:5.5.1 Equipment selection can bias sampling results even if the equipment is used properly. Bias can result from theincompatibility of the materials that the sampling equipment is made of with the materials being
49、sampled. For example, theequipment could alter the characteristics of the sample. Some equipment will bias against the collection of certain particles sizes,and some equipment cannot penetrate the waste pile adequately.5.5.2 Equipment, use, and operation can introduce error (bias) into the characterization of a waste pile. Sampling errors typicallyare caused when certain particle sizes are excluded, when a segment of the waste pile is not sampled, or when a location outsidethe pile is inadvertently sampled.5.5.3 When stratification, layering, or solid phasing occurs i
