1、Designation: D 6023 07Standard Test Method forDensity (Unit Weight), Yield, Cement Content, and AirContent (Gravimetric) of Controlled Low-Strength Material(CLSM)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6023; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method explains determination of the density(Note 1) o
3、f freshly mixed Controlled Low-Strength Material(CLSM) and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cementcontent, and the air content of the CLSM. This test method isbased on Test Method C 138 for Concrete.NOTE 1Unit Weight was the previous terminology used to describethe property determined by th
4、is test method, which is mass per unitvolume.1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026.1.2.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly relate
5、d tothe accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or otheruses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using thisstandard is beyond its scope.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The inch-pound equivalents are shown for informa-tion only.1.4 CLSM is also
6、known as flowable fill, controlled densityfill, soil-cement slurry, soil-cement grout, unshrinkable fill,“K-Krete,” and other similar names.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard t
7、o establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning: Freshhydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may causechemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:
8、3C 29/C 29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)and Voids in AggregateC 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesC 128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Fine AggregateC 138/C 138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),Yield, and
9、Air Content (Gravimetric) of ConcreteC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly MixedConcrete by the Pressure MethodD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or
10、 Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4832 Test Method for Preparation and Testing of Con-trolled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Test CylindersD 5971 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ControlledLow-Strength MaterialD 6024 Test Method for Ball Drop on Controlled
11、LowStrength Material (CLSM) to Determine Suitability forLoad ApplicationD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataD 6103 Test Method for Flow Consistency of ControlledLow Strength Material (CLSM)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms in this standard,refer to T
12、erminology C 125 and D 653.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization WithAdmixtures.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previou
13、s edition approved in 2002 as D 6023 02.2Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
14、Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1 Controlled Low Stre
15、ngth Material (CLSM), namixture of soil or aggregates, cementitious material, fly ash,water, and sometimes chemical admixtures, that hardens into amaterial with a higher strength than the soil, but less than 8400kPa (1200 psi).3.1.1.1 DiscussionUsed as a replacement for compactedbackfill, CLSM can b
16、e placed as a slurry, a mortar, or acompacted material and typically has strengths of 350 to 700kPa (50 to 100 psi) for most applications.3.1.2 mass, nthe quantity of matter in a body. (Seeweight.)3.1.2.1 DiscussionUnits of mass are the kilogram (kg),the pound (lb) or units derived from these. Masse
17、s arecompared by weighing the bodies, which amounts to compar-ing the forces of gravitation acting on them.3.1.3 weight, nthe force exerted on a body by gravity. (seemass.)3.1.3.1 DiscussionWeight is equal to the mass of the bodymultiplied by the acceleration due to gravity. Weight may beexpressed i
18、n absolute units (Newton, poundals) or in gravita-tional units (kgf, lbf). Since weight is equal to mass times theacceleration due to gravity, the weight of a body will vary withthe location where the weight is determined, while the mass ofthe body remains constant. On the surface of the earth, thef
19、orce of gravity imparts to a body that is free to fall anacceleration of approximately 9.81 m/s2(32.2 ft/s2).3.1.4 yieldthe volume of CLSM produced from a mixtureof known quantities of the component materials.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The density of the CLSM is determined by filling ameasure with
20、 CLSM, determining the mass, and calculating thevolume of the measure. The density is then calculated bydividing the mass by the volume. The yield, cement content,and the air content of the CLSM is calculated based on themasses and volumes of the batch components.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test
21、 method provides the user with a procedure tocalculate the density of freshly mixed CLSM for determinationof compliance with specifications, for determining mass/volume relationships or conversions such as those found inpurchase agreements, and also for quality control purposes.5.2 This test method
22、is intended to assist the user for qualitycontrol purposes and when specified to determine compliancefor air content, yield, and cement content of freshly mixedCLSM.5.3 This test method is not meant to predict the air contentof hardened CLSM, which may be either higher or lower thanthat determined b
23、y this test method.5.4 This test is one of a series of quality control tests thatcan be performed on CLSM during construction to monitorcompliance with specification requirements. The other teststhat can be used during construction control are Test MethodsD 4832, D 6024, and D 6103NOTE 2The quality
24、of the results produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/ and
25、 the like. Users of thisstandard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not initself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceAbalance or scale accurate to within 0.3
26、% ofthe test load at any point within the range of use. The range ofuse shall be considered to extend from the mass of the measureempty to the mass of the measure plus the CLSM.6.2 Filling ApparatusScoop, bucket or pail of sufficientcapacity to facilitate filling the measure in a rapid, efficientman
27、ner.6.3 Sampling and Mixing Receptacle The receptacle shallbe a suitable container, wheelbarrow, and the like of sufficientcapacity to allow easy sampling and remixing of the CLSM.6.4 MeasureAcylindrical container made of steel or othersuitable metal (Note 3). It shall be watertight and sufficiently
28、rigid to retain its form and calibrated volume under roughusage. Measures that are machined to accurate dimensions onthe inside and provided with handles are preferred. All mea-sures, except for measuring bowls of air meters shall conformto the requirements of Test Method C 29/C 29M. The mini-mum ca
29、pacity of the measure shall conform to the require-ments of Table 1. When measuring bowls of air meters areused, they shall conform to the requirements of Test MethodC 231. The top rim of the air meter bowls shall be smooth andplane within 0.3 mm (0.01 in.) (Note 4).NOTE 3The metal should not be rea
30、dily subject to attack by cementpaste. However, reactive materials such as aluminum alloys may be usedin instances where, as a consequence of an initial reaction, a surface filmis rapidly formed which protects the metal against further corrosion.NOTE 4The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.3-mm
31、(0.01-in.) feelergage cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6 mm (14 in.) orthicker plate glass laid over the top of the measure.6.5 Strike-Off PlateAflat rectangular metal plate at least 6mm (14 in.) thick or a glass or acrylic plate at least 12 mm (12in.) thick with a length and width
32、at least 50 mm (2 in.) greaterthan the diameter of the measure with which it is to be used.The edges of the plate shall be straight and smooth within atolerance of 2 mm (116 in.).6.6 Calibration EquipmentA piece of plate glass, prefer-ably at least 6 mm (14 in.) thick and at least 25 mm (1 in.)large
33、r than the diameter of the measure to be calibrated. A thinfilm of vacuum, water pump or chassis grease smeared on theflange of the bowl will make a watertight joint between theglass plate and the top of the bowl.TABLE 1 Minimum Capacity of MeasureNominal Maximum Size of CoarseAggregateACapacity of
34、Measure, minBin. mm ft3L1 25.0 0.2 6112 37.5 0.4 11250 .5 4AAggregate of a given nominal maximum size may contain up to 10 % ofparticles retained on the sieve referred to.BTo provide for wear, measures may be up to 5 % smaller than indicated in thistable.D60230727. Sample7.1 Obtain the sample for fr
35、eshly mixed CLSM in accor-dance with Practice D 5971.7.2 The size of the sample shall be approximately 125 to200 % of the quantity required to fill the measure.8. Calibration of Measure8.1 Calibrate the measure and determine the calibrationfactor (1/volume), following the procedure outlined in TestM
36、ethod C 29/C 29M.NOTE 5For the calculation of density, the volume of the measure inacceptable metric units should be expressed in cubic meters, or the factoras 1/m3. However, for convenience the size of the measure may beexpressed in liters.8.2 Measures shall be recalibrated at least once a year orw
37、henever there is reason to question the accuracy of thecalibration.9. Procedure9.1 Place the measure on a level, rigid, horizontal surfacefree from vibration and other disturbances.9.2 Placing the CLSM:9.2.1 Start this procedure within 5 min after obtaining thesample of CLSM and complete as expediti
38、ously as possible.9.2.2 Thoroughly mix the sample of CLSM in the samplingand mixing receptacle to ensure uniformity.9.2.3 With the filling apparatus, scoop through the centerportion of the sample and pour the CLSM into the measure.Repeat until the measure is full.9.3 On completion of filling, the me
39、asure shall not containa substantial excess or deficiency of CLSM. An excess ofCLSM protruding approximately 3 mm (18 in.) above the topof the mold is optimum. To correct a deficiency, add a smallquantity of CLSM.9.4 Strike-OffAfter filling, strike-off the top surface of theCLSM and finish it smooth
40、ly with the flat strike-off plate usinggreat care to leave the measure just level full. The strike-off isbest accomplished by pressing the strike-off plate on the topsurface of the measure to cover about two thirds of the surfaceand withdrawing the plate with a sawing motion to finish onlythe area o
41、riginally covered. Then place the plate on the top ofthe measure to cover the original two thirds of the surface andadvance it with a vertical pressure and a sawing motion tocover the whole surface of the measure. Several final strokeswith the inclined edge of the plate will produce a smoothfinished
42、 surface.9.5 Cleaning and Mass Measurement After strike-off,clean all excess CLSM from the exterior of the measure anddetermine the gross mass of the CLSM in the measure to anaccuracy consistent with the requirements of 6.1.10. Calculation10.1 DensityCalculate the mass of the CLSM inmegagrams or gra
43、ms (pounds) by subtracting the mass of themeasure from the gross mass. Calculate the density, W,bymultiplying the mass of the CLSM by the calibration factor forthe measure determined in 8.1.10.2 YieldCalculate the yield as follows:Yfft3! 5 W1/W (1)or,Y yd3! 5 W1/27W! (2)or,Y m3! 5 W1/W (3)where:Yf=
44、volume of CLSM produced per batch, ft3,Y = volume CLSM produced per batch, m3(ft3),W = density of CLSM, kg/m3(lb/ft3), andW1= total mass of all materials batched, kg (lb) (Note 6).NOTE 6The total mass of all materials batched is the sum of themasses of the cement, the fly ash, the filler aggregate i
45、n the condition used,the mixing water added to the batch, and any other solid or liquidmaterials used.10.3 Relative YieldRelative yield is the ratio of the actualvolume of CLSM obtained to the volume as designed for thebatch calculated as follows:Ry5 Y/Yd(4)where:Ry= relative yield,Y = volume CLSM p
46、roduced per batch, m3(yd3), andYd= volume of CLSM, which the batch was designed toproduce, m3(yd3).NOTE 7A value for Rygreater than 1.00 indicates an excess of CLSMbeing produced whereas a value less than this indicates the batch to be“short” of its designed volume.10.4 Cement Content (Note 8)Calcul
47、ate the actual cementcontent as follows:N 5 Nt/Y (5)where:N = actual cement content kg/m3(lb/yd3),Nt= mass of cement in the batch, kg (lb), andY = volume CLSM produced per batch, m3(yd3).NOTE 8In determining cement content on CLSMs that contain ClassC fly ash, the actual mass of Class C fly ash shal
48、l be added to the mass ofcement.10.5 Air ContentCalculate the air content as follows:A 5 T 2 W!/T 3 100 (6)or,A 5 Yf2 V!/Yf# 3 100 inch2pound units! (7)or,A 5 Y 2 V!/Y 3 100 SI units! (8)where:A = air content (percentage of voids) in the CLSM,T = theoretical density of the CLSM computed on an airfre
49、e basis, kg/m3(lb/ft3)(Note 7),W = density of CLSM, kg/m3(lb/ft3),Yf= volume of CLSM produced per batch, ft3,V = total absolute volume of the component ingredients inthe batch, ft3or m3, andD6023073Y = volume CLSM produced per batch, m3(yd3).NOTE 9The theoretical density is, customarily, a laboratory determi-nation, the value for which is assumed to remain constant for all batchesmade using identical component ingredients and proportions. It is calcu-lated from the following equation:T 5 W1/V (9)The absolute volume of each ingredien
