1、Designation: D6023 15Standard Test Method forDensity (Unit Weight), Yield, Cement Content, and AirContent (Gravimetric) of Controlled Low-Strength Material(CLSM)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6023; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method explains determination of the density(Note 1) of f
3、reshly mixed Controlled Low-Strength Material(CLSM) and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cementcontent, and the air content of the CLSM. This test method isbased on Test Method C138/C138M for Concrete.NOTE 1Unit Weight was the previous terminology used to describethe property determined by
4、this test method, which is mass per unitvolume.1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026.1.2.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as th
5、eindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common prac
6、tice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof these test methods to consider significant digits used inanalysis methods for engineering data.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The valu
7、es given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units, which are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard. Reporting oftest results in units other than SI shall not be regarded asnonconformance with this test method.1.3.1 The converted inch-pound units use the g
8、ravitationalsystem of units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unitof force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. Theconverted slug is not given, unless dynamic (F=ma) calcula-tions are involved.1.3.2 It is common practice in the engineering/constructionprofession to concurrently us
9、e pounds to represent both a unitof mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines twoseparate system of units; that is, the absolute system and thegravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combinethe use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. As s
10、tated, this standard includes the gravitationalsystem of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slugunit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recordingpounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3shall notbe regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.4 CLSM is also kno
11、wn as flowable fill, controlled densityfill, soil-cement slurry, soil-cement grout, unshrinkable fill,“K-Krete,” and other similar names.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to e
12、stablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WarningFreshhydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may causechemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C29/
13、C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)and Voids in AggregateC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC128 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)and Absorption of Fine AggregateC138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield,and Air Content (Gravim
14、etric) of ConcreteC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC231/C231M Test Method forAir Content of Freshly Mixed1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization WithAdmixtures.Current edition
15、 approved Nov. 15, 2015. Published December 2015. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D6023 07. DOI:10.1520/D6023-15.2Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards, vi
16、sit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,
17、100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Concrete by the Pressure MethodD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineeri
18、ng Design and ConstructionD4832 Test Method for Preparation and Testing of Con-trolled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Test CylindersD5971/D5971M Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Con-trolled Low-Strength MaterialD6024/D6024M Test Method for Ball Drop on ControlledLow Strength Material (CLSM) to Dete
19、rmine Suitabilityfor Load ApplicationD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6103 Test Method for Flow Consistency of ControlledLow Strength Material (CLSM) (Withdrawn 2013)43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in thisstandard, re
20、fer to Terminology standards C125 and D653.3.1.2 Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM), na mix-ture of soil, aggregates (sand, gravel, or both), cementitiousmaterials, potable water, and sometimes admixtures, that hard-ens into a material with a higher strength than the soil, but lessthan 8400 kPa
21、 (1200 psi).3.1.2.1 DiscussionUsed as a replacement for compactedbackfill, CLSM can be placed as a slurry, a mortar, or acompacted material and typically has strengths of 350 to 700kPa (50 to 100 psi) for most applications.3.1.3 yieldthe volume of CLSM produced from a mixtureof known quantities of t
22、he component materials.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The density of the CLSM is determined by filling ameasure with CLSM, determining the mass, and calculating thevolume of the measure. The density is then calculated bydividing the mass by the volume. The yield, cement content,and the air content of
23、the CLSM is calculated based on themasses and volumes of the batch components.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides the user with a procedure tocalculate the density of freshly mixed CLSM for determinationof compliance with specifications, for determining mass/volume relationships or
24、conversions such as those found inpurchase agreements, and also for quality control purposes.5.2 This test method is intended to assist the user for qualitycontrol purposes and when specified to determine compliancefor air content, yield, and cement content of freshly mixedCLSM.5.3 This test method
25、is not meant to predict the air contentof hardened CLSM, which may be either higher or lower thanthat determined by this test method.5.4 This test is one of a series of quality control tests thatcan be performed on CLSM during construction to monitorcompliance with specification requirements. The ot
26、her teststhat can be used during construction control are Test MethodsD4832, D6024/D6024M, and D6103.NOTE 2The quality of the results produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
27、criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/ and the like. Users of thisstandard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not initself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D3740 p
28、rovides a means of evaluation some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceAbalance or scale accurate to within 0.3 % ofthe test load at any point within the range of use. The range ofuse shall be considered to extend from the mass of the measureempty to the mass of the measure plus the CLSM.6.2 Fil
29、ling ApparatusScoop, bucket or pail of sufficientcapacity to facilitate filling the measure in a rapid, efficientmanner.6.3 Sampling and Mixing ReceptacleThe receptacle shallbe a suitable container, wheelbarrow, and the like of sufficientcapacity to allow easy sampling and remixing of the CLSM.6.4 M
30、easureA cylindrical container made of steel or othersuitable metal (Note 3). It shall be watertight and sufficientlyrigid to retain its form and calibrated volume under roughusage. Measures that are machined to accurate dimensions onthe inside and provided with handles are preferred. Allmeasures, ex
31、cept for measuring bowls of air meters shallconform to the requirements of Test Method C29/C29M. Theminimum capacity of the measure shall conform to therequirements of Table 1. When measuring bowls of air metersare used, they shall conform to the requirements of TestMethod C231/C231M. The top rim of
32、 the air meter bowls shallbe smooth and plane within 0.3 mm (0.01 in.) (Note 4).NOTE 3The metal should not be readily subject to attack by cementpaste. However, reactive materials such as aluminum alloys may be usedin instances where, as a consequence of an initial reaction, a surface filmis rapidly
33、 formed, which protects the metal against further corrosion.NOTE 4The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.3-mm (0.01-in.) feelergauge cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6 mm (14 in.) orthicker plate glass laid over the top of the measure.6.5 Strike-Off PlateA flat rectangular strik
34、e-off plate con-forming to the requirements of Test Method C138/C138M.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.TABLE 1 Minimum Capacity of MeasureNominal Maximum Size of CoarseAggregateACapacity of Measure, minBin. mm ft3L1 25.0 0.2 6112 37.5 0.4 11250 .5 4
35、AAggregate of a given nominal maximum size may contain up to 10 % of particlesretained on the sieve referred to.BTo provide for wear, measures may be up to 5 % smaller than indicated in thistable.D6023 1526.6 Calibration EquipmentA piece of plate glass, prefer-ably at least 6 mm (14 in.) thick and a
36、t least 25 mm (1 in.)larger than the diameter of the measure to be calibrated. A thinfilm of vacuum, water pump or chassis grease smeared on theflange of the bowl will make a watertight joint between theglass plate and the top of the bowl.7. Sample7.1 Obtain the sample for freshly mixed CLSM in acco
37、r-dance with Practice D5971/D5971M.7.2 The size of the sample shall be approximately 125 to200 % of the quantity required to fill the measure.8. Verification of Measure8.1 Verify the measure and determine the calibration factor(1/volume), following the procedure outlined in Test MethodC29/C29M.NOTE
38、5For the calculation of density, the volume of the measure inacceptable metric units should be expressed in cubic metres, or the factoras 1/m3. However, for convenience the size of the measure may beexpressed in litres.8.2 Measures shall be reverified at least once a year orwhenever there is reason
39、to question the accuracy of theverification.9. Procedure9.1 Place the measure on a level, rigid, horizontal surfacefree from vibration and other disturbances.9.2 Placing the CLSM:9.2.1 Start this procedure within 5 min after obtaining thesample of CLSM and complete as expeditiously as possible.9.2.2
40、 Thoroughly mix the sample of CLSM in the samplingand mixing receptacle to ensure uniformity.9.2.3 With the filling apparatus, scoop through the centerportion of the sample and pour the CLSM into the measure.Repeat until the measure is full.9.3 On completion of filling, the measure shall not contain
41、a substantial excess or deficiency of CLSM. An excess ofCLSM protruding approximately 3 mm (18 in.) above the topof the mold is optimum. To correct a deficiency, add a smallquantity of CLSM.9.4 Strike-OffAfter filling, strike-off the top surface of theCLSM and finish it smoothly with the flat strike
42、-off plate usinggreat care to leave the measure just level full. The strike-off isbest accomplished by pressing the strike-off plate on the topsurface of the measure to cover about two thirds of the surfaceand withdrawing the plate with a sawing motion to finish onlythe area originally covered. Then
43、 place the plate on the top ofthe measure to cover the original two thirds of the surface andadvance it with a vertical pressure and a sawing motion tocover the whole surface of the measure. Several final strokeswith the inclined edge of the plate will produce a smoothfinished surface.9.5 Cleaning a
44、nd Mass Measurement After strike-off,clean all excess CLSM from the exterior of the measure anddetermine the gross mass of the CLSM in the measure to anaccuracy consistent with the requirements of 6.1.10. Calculation10.1 DensityCalculate the mass of the CLSM inmegagrams, kilograms, or grams (pounds)
45、 by subtracting themass of the measure from the gross mass. Calculate the density,W, by multiplying the mass of the CLSM by the calibrationfactor for the measure determined in 8.1.10.2 YieldCalculate the yield as follows:Yfft3! 5 W1/W (1)or,Y yd3! 5 W1/27W! (2)or,Y m3! 5 W1/W (3)where:Yf= volume of
46、CLSM produced per batch, ft3,Y = volume CLSM produced per batch, m3(ft3),W = density of CLSM, kg/m3(lb/ft3), andW1= total mass of all materials batched, kg (lb) (Note 6).NOTE 6The total mass of all materials batched is the sum of themasses of the cement, the fly ash, the filler aggregate in the cond
47、ition used,the mixing water added to the batch, and any other solid or liquidmaterials used.10.3 Relative YieldRelative yield is the ratio of the actualvolume of CLSM obtained to the volume as designed for thebatch calculated as follows:Ry5 Y/Yd(4)where:Ry= relative yield,Y = volume CLSM produced pe
48、r batch, m3(yd3), andYd= volume of CLSM, which the batch was designed toproduce, m3(yd3).NOTE 7A value for Rygreater than 1.00 indicates an excess of CLSMbeing produced whereas a value less than this indicates the batch to be“short” of its designed volume.10.4 Cement Content (Note 8)Calculate the ac
49、tual cementcontent as follows:N 5 Nt/Y (5)where:N = actual cement content kg/m3(lb/yd3),Nt= mass of cement in the batch, kg (lb), andY = volume CLSM produced per batch, m3(yd3).NOTE 8In determining cement content on CLSMs that contain ClassC fly ash, the actual mass of Class C fly ash shall be added to the mass ofcement.10.5 Air ContentCalculate the air content as follows:A 5 T 2 W!/T# 3100 (6)or,A 5Yf2 V!/Yf#3100 inch 2 pound units! (7)or,A 5 Y 2 V!/Y# 3100 SI units! (8)where:A = air content (percentage of voids) in the CLSM,D6023 153T =
