1、Designation: D6035 08D6035/D6035M 13Standard Test Method forDetermining the Effect of Freeze-Thaw on HydraulicConductivity of Compacted or Intact Soil Specimens Usinga Flexible Wall Permeameter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6035;D6035/D6035M; the number immediately following t
2、he designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method cover
3、s laboratory measurement of the effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity of compactedor intact soil specimens using Test Method D5084 and a flexible wall permeameter to determine hydraulic conductivity. This testmethod does not provide steps to perform sampling of, or testing on,of, in si
4、tu soils that have already been subjected to freeze-thawconditions.1.2 This test method may be used with intact specimens (block or thin-walled) or laboratory compacted specimens and shallbe used for soils that have an initial hydraulic conductivity less than or equal to 1E-5 m/s 3.94 E-4 in./s (1E-
5、3 cm/s) (Note 1).NOTE 1The maximum initial hydraulic conductivity is given as 1 E-3 cm/s. E-5 m/s 3.94 E-4 in./s. This should also apply to the final hydraulicconductivity. It is expected that if the initial hydraulic conductivity is 1 E-3 cm/s, E-5 m/s (3.94 E-4 in./s), then the final hydraulic con
6、ductivity will notchange (increase) significantly (that is, greater than 1 E-3 cm/s).E-5 m/s) (3.94 E-4 in./s).1.3 Soil specimens tested using this test method can be subjected to three-dimensional freeze-thaw (herein referred to as 3-d)or one-dimensional freeze-thaw (herein referred to as 1-d). (Fo
7、r a discussion of one-dimensional freezing versus three-dimensionalfreezing, refer to Zimmie2 or Othman.3)1.4 Soil specimens tested using this test method can be tested in a closed system (that is, no access to an external supply of waterduring freezing) or an open system.1.5 All observed and calcul
8、ated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.6 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units (presented in brackets) are to be regarded as the standard, unless other unitsare specifically given. By tradition, it is U.S. practice t
9、o report hydraulic conductivity in centimetres per second, although thecommon SI units for hydraulic conductivity are metres per second. The values are to be calculated and reported in accordance withPracticeseparately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; there
10、fore, each system shall be usedindependently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reportingof test results in units other than SI shall not D6026.be regarded as conconformance with this test method.1.7 This standard does not purport to
11、address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D653 Termino
12、logy Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soils and Rock.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008Aug. 15, 2013. Published February 2008September 20
13、13. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20022008as D6035 02.D6035 08. DOI: 10.1520/D6035-08.10.1520/D6035_D6035M-13.2 Zimmie, T. F., and La Plante, C., “The Effect of Freeze/Thaw Cycles on the Permeability of a Fine-Grained Soil,” Hazardous and Industrial Wastes, Proceedin
14、gs of theTwenty-Second Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference, Joseph P. Martin, Shi-Chieh Cheng, and Mary Ann Susavidge, eds., Drexel University, 1990, pp. 580593.3 Othman, M. A., Benson, C. H., Chamberlain, E. J., and Zimmie, T. F., “Laboratory Testing to Evaluate Changes in Hydraulic Conductivi
15、ty of Compacted Clays Causedby Freeze-Thaw: State-of-the-Art,” Hydraulic Conductivity and Waste Contaminant Transport in Soils, ASTM STP 1142, David E. Daniel, and Stephen J. Trautwein, eds.,American Society for Testing and Materials, Conshohocken, PA, pp. 227254.Othman, M. A., Benson, C. H., Chambe
16、rlain, E. J., and Zimmie, T. F., “Laboratory Testing toEvaluate Changes in Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted Clays Caused by Freeze-Thaw: State-of-the-Art,” Hydraulic Conductivity and Waste Contaminant Transport inSoils, ASTM STP 1142, David E. Daniel, and Stephen J. Trautwein, eds., American Soci
17、ety for Testing and Materials, Conshohocken, PA, pp. 227254.4 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.T
18、his document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior edit
19、ions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
20、. United States1D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site InvestigationD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD3740 Practice for Minim
21、um Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil SamplesD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Co
22、nstructionMaterials TestingD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible WallPermeameterD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3. Terminology3.
23、1 Definitions:Definitions3.1.1 For common definitions of other terms in this standard, see Terminology D653.For3.1.2 Hydraulic conductivityRefer to Terminology D653 for standard definition of this term. common definitions of otherterms in this standard, see Terminology D653, including hydraulic cond
24、uctivity.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 freeze-thaw cycle, na loop from room temperature to the ambient temperature of the freezing cabinet, and back to roomtemperature.3.2.2 freezing, closed system, nfreezing that occurs under conditions that preclude the gain or loss of a
25、ny water in the system.3.2.3 freezing, open system, nfreezing that occurs under conditions that allow the gain or loss of water in the system bymovement of pore water from or to an external source to growing ice lenses.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method identifies the changes in hydraulic c
26、onductivity as a result of freeze-thaw on natural soils only.4.2 It is the users responsibility when using this test method to determine the appropriate moisturewater content of thelaboratory-compacted specimens (that is, dry, wet, or at optimum moisturewater content) (Note 2).NOTE 2It is common pra
27、ctice to construct clay liners and covers at optimum or greater than optimum moisturewater content. Specimens compacteddry of optimum moisturewater content typically do not contain larger pore sizes as a result of freeze-thaw because the effects of freeze-thaw are minimizedby the lack of water in th
28、e sample. Therefore, the effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity is minimal, or the hydraulic conductivity mayincrease slightly.3,4.3 The requestor must provide information regarding the effective stresses to be applied during testing, especially fordetermining the final hydraulic conduc
29、tivity. Using high effective stresses (that is, 35 kPa (5 psi)5 psi as allowed by Test MethodD5084) can decrease an already increased hydraulic conductivity resulting in lower final hydraulic conductivity values. Thelong-term effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity of compacted soils is
30、unknown. The increased hydraulic conductivitycaused by freeze-thaw may be temporary. For example, the overburden pressure imparted by the waste placed on a soil liner ina landfill after being subjected to freeze-thaw may reduce the size of the cracks and pores that cause the increase in hydrauliccon
31、ductivity. It is not known if the pressure would overcome the macroscopically increased hydraulic conductivity sufficiently toreturn the soil to its original hydraulic conductivity (prior to freeze-thaw). For cases such as landfill covers, where the overburdenpressure is low, the increase in hydraul
32、ic conductivity due to freeze-thaw will likely be permanent. Thus, the requestor must takethe application of the test method into account when establishing the effective stress.4.4 The specimen shall be frozen to 15C 5F unless the requestor specifically dictates otherwise. It has been documentedin t
33、he literature that the initial (that is, 0 to 15C) to 15C 32F to 5F) freezing condition causes the most significant effects3in hydraulic conductivity. Freezing rate and ultimate temperature should mimic the field conditions. It has been shown thatsuperfreezing (that is, freezing the specimen at very
34、 cold temperatures and very short time periods) produces erroneous results.4.5 The thawed specimen temperature and thaw rate shall mimic field conditions. Thawing specimens in an oven (that is,overheating) will produce erroneous results.4.6 Literature relating to this subject indicates that the effe
35、cts of freeze-thaw usually occur by Cycle 10, thus it is recommendedthat at least 10 freeze-thaw cycles shall be performed to ensure that the full effects of freeze-thaw are measured. If the hydraulicconductivity values are still increasing after 10 freeze-thaw cycles, the test method shall be conti
36、nued (that is, more freeze-thawcycles shall be performed).NOTE 3The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally
37、considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. ReliableD6035/D6035M 132results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating som
38、e of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Freezing Cabinet, capable of maintaining at least 15 61C.6 1C 5 6 0.3F.5.2 The apparatus listed in Test Method D5084 (see 5.1 through section 5.18).6. Reagents6.1 Deaired WaterTo aid in removing as much air from the specimen as possible during the hydraulic conduct
39、ivity portionof the test, deaired water shall be used.6.2 OptionalIf the specimen is frozen/thawed in the flexiwall permeameter, a mixture of propylene glycol and tap water canbe placed in the flexi-wall permeameter cell.The compatibility of the mixture and membrane used shall be determined. Membran
40、esmay degrade and cause cell leakage. This mixture should have a freezing point lower than the ambient temperature of the freezingcabinet. The specimen will freeze, but the cell fluid will not. This allows the total stress on the specimen to remain unchangedduring the freeze-thaw procedures.7. Test
41、Specimens7.1 SizeThe size of the specimen depends on the type and size of permeameter being used for the hydraulic conductivitytesting. The specimen shall have a minimum diameter of 71.171 mm (2.80 in.)2.8 in. or greater and a minimum height of 71.171mm. The height and diameter of the specimen shall
42、 be measured to the nearest 0.3 mm (0.01 in.)0.01 in. or better. The lengthand diameter shall not vary by more than 65 %. For specimen diameters of 71.171 mm, clods less than 12.7 mm (0.5 in.)0.5 in.shall not be reduced. For specimen diameters of 101.6 mm (4.00 in.),4.00 in., clod sizes less than 17
43、.0 mm (0.67 in.)0.67 in.shall not be reduced. The surface of the test specimen may be uneven, but indentations must not be so deep that the length ordiameter of the specimen varies by more than 65 %. The diameter and height of the specimen shall each be at least 6 times greaterthan the largest parti
44、cle size within the specimen. After completion of the test method, if oversized particles are found, it shouldbe noted in the report.7.2 Intact or laboratory-compacted specimens can be used with this methodology. Test Method D5084 shall be followed toprepare intact or laboratory-compacted specimens.
45、7.3 Number of Test SpecimensThis test method provides Test Method A and Test Method B for performing the test.7.3.1 Test Method AA specimen shall be prepared for each hydraulic conductivity determination performed. For example, ifthe hydraulic conductivity is performed initially, after 5 cycles and
46、finally after 10 freeze-thaw cycles, a total of 3 specimens wouldbe required. One specimen would be used for the initial hydraulic conductivity, the second specimen hydraulic conductivity wouldbe determined after subjecting the specimen to 5 freeze-thaw cycles and the third specimen hydraulic conduc
47、tivity would bedetermined after subjecting the specimen to 10 freeze-thaw cycles. This test method requires similar specimen preparation methodsto ensure that representative samples are used (see Note 4).7.3.2 Test Method BOne specimen can be used for the entire test method. This is not recommended
48、for specimens with initialmoisturewater contents significantly lower than 100 % saturation of the soil (Note 4).NOTE 4Using more than one specimen offers the advantage of comparison of hydraulic conductivities at an unchanging moisturewater content. Whenusing one specimen for the entire test, the in
49、itial hydraulic conductivity test saturates the specimen producing a specimen for the freeze-thaw cycles thathas a moisturewater content increased from the original compacted moisturewater content. This test method allows either procedure; however cautionsthe user about the moisture content. water content conditions. The results should not be significantly different if the initial moisturewater content is almostat saturation, which is the case if soils are compacted well above optimum moisturewater content. Using more than on
