1、Designation: D 6036 96 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Guide forDisplaying the Results of Chemical Analyses of GroundWater for Major Ions and Trace ElementsUse of Maps1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6036; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide offers a series of options but does not specifya course
3、of action. It should not be used as the sole criterion orbasis of comparison and does not replace or relieve profes-sional judgment.1.2 This guide covers methods that display, as mappedinformation, the chemical constituents of ground-watersamples. Details required by the investigator to use fully th
4、emethods are found in the listed references.1.2.1 The use of maps to display water-quality data are acommon technique to assist in the interpretation of the chem-istry of water in aquifers, as the areally distributed values canbe easily related to the physical locality by the investigator.1.2.2 The
5、distribution in an aquifer of chemical constituentsfrom two water sources or of liquids of different densities maybe difficult to illustrate explicitly on a two-dimensional mapbecause of stratification in the third dimension. Also, theaddition of a vertical cross section may be required (see 4.4).1.
6、3 Many graphic techniques have been developed by in-vestigators to assist in summarizing and interpreting relateddata sets. This guide is the fourth document to inform thehydrologists and geochemists about traditional methods fordisplaying ground-water chemical data.1.3.1 The initial guide (Guide D
7、5738) described the cat-egory of water-analysis diagrams that use pattern and pictorialmethods as a basis for displaying each of the individualchemical components determined from the analysis of a singlesample of natural ground water.1.3.2 The second guide (Guide D 5754) described the cat-egory of w
8、ater-analysis diagrams that use two-dimensionaltrilinear graphs to display, on a single diagram, the commonchemical components from two or more analyses of naturalground water.1.3.3 The third guide (Guide D 5877) presented methodsthat graphically display chemical analyses of multiple ground-water sa
9、mples, discrete values, as well as those reduced tocomprehensive summaries or parameters.1.4 Notations have been incorporated within the illustra-tions of this guide to assist the user in understanding how themaps are constructed. These notations would not be requiredon a map designed for inclusion
10、in a project document.NOTE 1Use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposesonly and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot repla
11、ce education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be ju
12、dged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 596 Guide for Reporting Resu
13、lts of Analysis of WaterD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water SiteD 5408 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part OneAdditional Identificat
14、ionDescriptorsD 5409 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part TwoPhysical DescriptorsD 5410 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site;Part ThreeUsage DescriptorsD 5474 Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Ground-Water InvestigationsD 5717 Guide for
15、Design of Ground-Water Monitoring1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originallyapproved in 19
16、96. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 6036 96 (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websit
17、e.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Systems in Karst and Fractured-Rock Aquifers3D 5738 Guide for Displaying the Results of ChemicalAnalyses of Ground Water for Major Ions and TraceElementsDiagrams for Single AnalysesD
18、5754 Guide for Displaying the Results of ChemicalAnalyses of Ground Water for Major Ions and TraceElementsTrilinear Diagrams for Two or More AnalysesD 5877 Guide for Displaying Results of ChemicalAnalysesof Ground Water for Major Ions and Trace ElementsDiagrams Based on Data Analytical Calculations3
19、. Terminology3.1 Definitions: All definitions are in accordance with Ter-minology D 653.Additional definitions that relate to this guidecan be found in Guide D 596,Terminology D 1129, and GuidesD 5738, D 5754, and D 5877.4. Significance and Use4.1 Each year many thousands of water samples are col-le
20、cted and the chemical components are determined fromnatural and human-influenced ground-water sources.4.2 The objective interpretation of the origin, composition,and interrelationships of water can be simplified by displayingthe distribution of the constituents and related parameters onareal maps (1
21、,2).44.2.1 The origin of the chemical composition of the watermay be postulated by the amount and the distribution of theconstituents as shown on the maps.4.2.2 The chemical composition of the water can be scruti-nized for distinct characteristics and anomalies by use of themaps.4.2.3 The interrelat
22、ionships of the water chemistry fromvarious sampling locations can be visualized on the maps.4.3 This guide presents various mapping methods for show-ing distribution of chemical constituents using areal andtime-related trends; maximum, minimum, or mean values; andrelationships between chemical and
23、associated parameters.4.4 Exercise caution when interpreting the distribution ofchemical constituents on two-dimensional (X and Y) maps asliquids of different densities tend to stratify in the thirddimension (Z).NOTE 2Water (or other liquid) with a relatively low concentration ofdissolved solids (or
24、 of a low relative density) normally will float on top ofwater with high dissolved solids or a liquid of higher density (3-7).Anaturally occurring example is an island surrounded and underlain by seawater where rain water falling on the island forms a fresh water lens abovethe underlying sea water.
25、Where the presence of liquids of differentdensities are evident in a mapped area, cross sections of the aquifer assistin showing the vertical (Z) distribution of the chemical constituents or apattern can be used on the map to delineate the extent of this water.NOTE 3Immiscible liquid contaminants, s
26、uch as petroleum products,with a relative density less than that of the water will float on top of thewater. Liquids that are more dense than water will flow to the bottom ofthe aquifer. Miscible liquids, such as sea water, mix with the fresher watercreating a zone of dispersion at the interface of
27、the two liquids.4.5 Aquifers in fractured rock or karst areas may result innoncontinuum conditions for the chemical parameters in thewater (Guide D 5717). This guide assumes the aquifer usuallyconsists of an equivalent porous media.4.6 This is not a guide for the selection of a map techniquefor a di
28、stinct purpose. That choice is program or projectspecific.NOTE 4For many hydrochemical research problems involving thescientific interpretation of ground water, the areal map is only one segmentof several methods needed to interpret the data.5. Selection and Preparation of Data for Plotting onAreal
29、Maps5.1 Minimum Data Requirements:5.1.1 In order to position accurately the ground-water qual-ity collection locations on two- and three-dimensional maps, aminimum set of data elements must be known for each site.Refer to Practice D 5254, and Guides D 5408, D 5409, D 5410,and D 5474 for guidance in
30、selecting the appropriate assort-ment of information.5.1.2 A basic requirement for the analytical methods de-scribed in this guide is that the samples be selected randomlyor of a systematic sampling strategy, and of sufficient numberand distribution to represent the sampled population to allowfor th
31、e construction of a meaningful map.NOTE 5A truly random sample is impractical, as ground-watersamples are from a subsurface population that only can be obtained fromsources that intersect the water table, for example, wells, springs, tunnels,or caves. These sources are not likely to be distributed r
32、andomly inthree-dimensions throughout an aquifer. A more refined picture of theentire population, however, is possible as the size of the random sample isincreased (8).5.2 Recommended Checks for Accuracy of Data Param-eters:5.2.1 To avoid errors, all of the chemical analyses used forthe mapping meth
33、ods described in this guide must be verifiedproperly.5.2.1.1 Noncontinuum concentrations or possible erroneousvalues in a data set (sample) become more apparent when usingmapping methods, as these appear as extreme values on themaps.5.2.1.2 Erroneous values that fall in the same numericalrange as a
34、typical value in the data set are difficult to detect butare most likely found by a complete validation of the data set(sample) against the original data source.NOTE 6To reduce the chance of incorporating erroneous numbers onthe map displays, the original chemical analyses and related data must bepr
35、eviewed carefully as to proper collection and analytical procedures. Inaddition, care must be taken to ensure that none of the numbers have beentransposed during transcription of the data. Completely automated datacollection and transcription procedures help to eliminate data errors.5.2.2 For those
36、analyses where all of the major chemicalions in the ground water are determined, a check of thechemical balance should be made to help in the detection ofdata errors (see Guides D 5738, D 5754, and D 5877).6. Ground-Water Quality Maps6.1 IntroductionThis guide provides methods that furnishhelpful ma
37、p displays of the results of chemical analyses of3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.D 6036 96 (2008)2water samples. These methods include procedure
38、s that displaythe distribution of a single constituent for a discrete period, theareal change of a constituent concentration over a period, andthe relationship of two or more parameters from each analysisfor the map area.6.2 Maps of a Single Chemical Constituent for a DiscreteTimeThese maps display
39、the areal distribution of a single ionin an aquifer or within a project.6.2.1 Distribution of an Ion by Sized SymbolsA simplemap is valuable for showing collection sites for areas of limiteddata or a complex distribution of chemical constituents. Fig. 1shows the values of the constituent symbolized
40、by the size ofa solid circle (9).6.2.2 Distribution of a Compound by Equal ConcentrationLinesA two-dimensional map of a compound or ion in ahomogeneous aquifer is shown by Fig. 2 where the value anddistribution of the constituent is represented by equal lines.This map shows the distribution of volat
41、ile organic compounds(VOC) resulting from spills in a developed area (10).6.2.3 Distribution of an Ion Emphasized by Shaded Concen-tration AreasMaps that use shaded concentration or coloredareas visually point out areas of interest to the project (Fig. 3).The shaded area can be used to highlight eit
42、her high or lowconcentrations, for example, the maximum chloride ion (11).6.2.4 Distribution of an Ion in Waters from MultipleSourcesThe distribution of a constituent in water from twoor more sources, for example, fresh water and sea water, and ina homogeneous aquifer, is shown by Fig. 4. This map s
43、howsthe position of the saltwater-freshwater interface and thedistribution of the chloride constituent. The saltwater wedge ismoving north toward an area of withdrawal and into the area ofthe aquifer that contains freshwater. The north edge of thesaltwater wedge is at the base of the freshwater (12)
44、.6.2.5 Shaded or Colored Concentration Map and MatchingVertical Cross SectionThe addition of a cross section withthe concentration map improves the understanding of thevertical distribution of a liquid containing the constituent (Fig.5). Usually a liquid with a density significantly different thanth
45、e natural water in the aquifer will stratify the level dependingupon the density of the invading liquid (see 4.4) (13).6.2.6 Ion Distribution in Water Infiltrating from a SurfaceSourceOther types of maps show the results of surfacefacilities, such as streams or constructed pits, intersecting theaqui
46、fer. Fig. 6 represents sulfate distribution in an aquifer as aresult of water infiltrating through a land fill operation (14).6.3 Change Maps of a Single Chemical Constituent for TwoDiscrete TimesThese maps display change or areal distribu-tion of a single ion in an aquifer or within a project over
47、aperiod of time.FIG. 1 Map Showing Data Values by Sized Symbols Adaptedfrom Ref (9)FIG. 2 Map Showing Lines of Equal Total VOC ConcentrationAdapted from Ref (10)FIG. 3 Map of Shaded Areas of Chloride Concentration Adaptedfrom Ref (11)D 6036 96 (2008)36.3.1 Multiple Maps Showing Ion Change for a Peri
48、od ofTimeMaps can show a change in chemical parameters in anaquifer over a specific period. Fig. 7 uses two maps to show theincrease in dissolved solids over a 17-year period as a result oflarge withdrawals at well fields in a coastal area (15,16).6.3.2 An Integrated Map Showing Ion Change for a Per
49、iodof TimeThe map displayed by Fig. 8 employs isochemicallines of different intensities to show the increase of SO42overa specific period as a result of fertilization (15).6.4 Other Ground-Water Quality MapsThese maps dis-play the areal distribution of the computed relationship of twoor more chemical constituents, calculated values for a singleconstituent, the pseudo-three-dimensional placement of a pa-rameter, and hydrochemical facies. Maps that display graphicalplots at each representative ground-water site are described inGuide D 5738.6.4.1 Isoc
