1、Designation: D6036 96 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forDisplaying the Results of Chemical Analyses ofGroundwater for Major Ions and Trace ElementsUse ofMaps1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6036; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide offers a series of options but does not specifya course of a
3、ction. It should not be used as the sole criterion orbasis of comparison and does not replace or relieve profes-sional judgment.1.2 This guide covers methods that display, as mappedinformation, the chemical constituents of groundwatersamples. Details required by the investigator to use fully themeth
4、ods are found in the listed references.1.2.1 The use of maps to display water-quality data are acommon technique to assist in the interpretation of the chem-istry of water in aquifers, as the areally distributed values canbe easily related to the physical locality by the investigator.1.2.2 The distr
5、ibution in an aquifer of chemical constituentsfrom two water sources or of liquids of different densities maybe difficult to illustrate explicitly on a two-dimensional mapbecause of stratification in the third dimension. Also, theaddition of a vertical cross section may be required (see 4.4).1.3 Man
6、y graphic techniques have been developed by in-vestigators to assist in summarizing and interpreting relateddata sets. This guide is the fourth document to inform thehydrologists and geochemists about traditional methods fordisplaying groundwater chemical data.1.3.1 The initial guide (Guide D5738) d
7、escribed the cat-egory of water-analysis diagrams that use pattern and pictorialmethods as a basis for displaying each of the individualchemical components determined from the analysis of a singlesample of natural groundwater.1.3.2 The second guide (Guide D5754) described the cat-egory of water-anal
8、ysis diagrams that use two-dimensionaltrilinear graphs to display, on a single diagram, the commonchemical components from two or more analyses of naturalgroundwater.1.3.3 The third guide (Guide D5877) presented methodsthat graphically display chemical analyses of multiple ground-water samples, disc
9、rete values, as well as those reduced tocomprehensive summaries or parameters.1.4 Notations have been incorporated within the illustra-tions of this guide to assist the user in understanding how themaps are constructed. These notations would not be requiredon a map designed for inclusion in a projec
10、t document.NOTE 1Use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposesonly and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace educatio
11、n orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor s
12、hould thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D596 Guide for Reporting Results of Analy
13、sis of WaterD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water SiteD5408 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGroundwater Site; Part OneAdditional IdentificationDescriptorsD54
14、09 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved May 15, 2014. Published January 2015. Originallyappr
15、oved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6036 96 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/D6036-96R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docum
16、ent Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Ground-Water Site; Part TwoPhysical DescriptorsD5410 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site;Part ThreeUsage DescriptorsD5474 Gu
17、ide for Selection of Data Elements for Groundwa-ter InvestigationsD5717 Guide for Design of Ground-Water Monitoring Sys-tems in Karst and Fractured-Rock Aquifers (Withdrawn2005)3D5738 Guide for Displaying the Results of ChemicalAnaly-ses of Groundwater for Major Ions and Trace ElementsDiagrams for S
18、ingle Analyses (Withdrawn 2015)3D5754 Guide for Displaying the Results of ChemicalAnaly-ses of Groundwater for Major Ions and Trace ElementsTrilinear Diagrams for Two or MoreAnalyses (Withdrawn2015)3D5877 Guide for Displaying Results of Chemical Analysesof Groundwater for Major Ions and Trace Elemen
19、tsDiagrams Based on Data Analytical Calculations (With-drawn 2014)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsAll definitions are in accordance with Ter-minology D653. Additional definitions that relate to this guidecan be found in Guide D596, Terminology D1129, and GuidesD5738, D5754, and D5877.4. Significance a
20、nd Use4.1 Each year many thousands of water samples are col-lected and the chemical components are determined fromnatural and human-influenced groundwater sources.4.2 The objective interpretation of the origin, composition,and interrelationships of water can be simplified by displayingthe distributi
21、on of the constituents and related parameters onareal maps (1,2).44.2.1 The origin of the chemical composition of the watermay be postulated by the amount and the distribution of theconstituents as shown on the maps.4.2.2 The chemical composition of the water can be scruti-nized for distinct charact
22、eristics and anomalies by use of themaps.4.2.3 The interrelationships of the water chemistry fromvarious sampling locations can be visualized on the maps.4.3 This guide presents various mapping methods for show-ing distribution of chemical constituents using areal andtime-related trends; maximum, mi
23、nimum, or mean values; andrelationships between chemical and associated parameters.4.4 Exercise caution when interpreting the distribution ofchemical constituents on two-dimensional (X and Y) maps asliquids of different densities tend to stratify in the thirddimension (Z).NOTE 2Water (or other liqui
24、d) with a relatively low concentration ofdissolved solids (or of a low relative density) normally will float on top ofwater with high dissolved solids or a liquid of higher density (3-7).Anaturally occurring example is an island surrounded and underlain by seawater where rain water falling on the is
25、land forms a fresh water lens abovethe underlying sea water. Where the presence of liquids of differentdensities are evident in a mapped area, cross sections of the aquifer assistin showing the vertical (Z) distribution of the chemical constituents or apattern can be used on the map to delineate the
26、 extent of this water.NOTE 3Immiscible liquid contaminants, such as petroleum products,with a relative density less than that of the water will float on top of thewater. Liquids that are more dense than water will flow to the bottom ofthe aquifer. Miscible liquids, such as sea water, mix with the fr
27、esher watercreating a zone of dispersion at the interface of the two liquids.4.5 Aquifers in fractured rock or karst areas may result innoncontinuum conditions for the chemical parameters in thewater (Guide D5717). This guide assumes the aquifer usuallyconsists of an equivalent porous media.4.6 This
28、 is not a guide for the selection of a map techniquefor a distinct purpose. That choice is program or projectspecific.NOTE 4For many hydrochemical research problems involving thescientific interpretation of groundwater, the areal map is only one segmentof several methods needed to interpret the data
29、.5. Selection and Preparation of Data for Plotting onAreal Maps5.1 Minimum Data Requirements:5.1.1 In order to position accurately the groundwater qualitycollection locations on two- and three-dimensional maps, aminimum set of data elements must be known for each site.Refer to Practice D5254, and Gu
30、ides D5408, D5409, D5410,and D5474 for guidance in selecting the appropriate assortmentof information.5.1.2 A basic requirement for the analytical methods de-scribed in this guide is that the samples be selected randomlyor of a systematic sampling strategy, and of sufficient numberand distribution t
31、o represent the sampled population to allowfor the construction of a meaningful map.NOTE 5Atruly random sample is impractical, as groundwater samplesare from a subsurface population that only can be obtained from sourcesthat intersect the water table, for example, wells, springs, tunnels, orcaves. T
32、hese sources are not likely to be distributed randomly inthree-dimensions throughout an aquifer. A more refined picture of theentire population, however, is possible as the size of the random sample isincreased (8).5.2 Recommended Checks for Accuracy of Data Param-eters:5.2.1 To avoid errors, all of
33、 the chemical analyses used forthe mapping methods described in this guide must be verifiedproperly.5.2.1.1 Noncontinuum concentrations or possible erroneousvalues in a data set (sample) become more apparent when usingmapping methods, as these appear as extreme values on themaps.5.2.1.2 Erroneous va
34、lues that fall in the same numericalrange as a typical value in the data set are difficult to detect butare most likely found by a complete validation of the data set(sample) against the original data source.NOTE 6To reduce the chance of incorporating erroneous numbers onthe map displays, the origin
35、al chemical analyses and related data must bepreviewed carefully as to proper collection and analytical procedures. In3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.D6036
36、 96 (2014)2addition, care must be taken to ensure that none of the numbers have beentransposed during transcription of the data. Completely automated datacollection and transcription procedures help to eliminate data errors.5.2.2 For those analyses where all of the major chemicalions in the groundwa
37、ter are determined, a check of thechemical balance should be made to help in the detection ofdata errors (see Guides D5738, D5754, and D5877).6. Groundwater Quality Maps6.1 IntroductionThis guide provides methods that furnishhelpful map displays of the results of chemical analyses ofwater samples. T
38、hese methods include procedures that displaythe distribution of a single constituent for a discrete period, theareal change of a constituent concentration over a period, andthe relationship of two or more parameters from each analysisfor the map area.6.2 Maps of a Single Chemical Constituent for a D
39、iscreteTimeThese maps display the areal distribution of a single ionin an aquifer or within a project.6.2.1 Distribution of an Ion by Sized SymbolsA simplemap is valuable for showing collection sites for areas of limiteddata or a complex distribution of chemical constituents. Fig. 1shows the values
40、of the constituent symbolized by the size ofa solid circle (9).6.2.2 Distribution of a Compound by Equal ConcentrationLinesA two-dimensional map of a compound or ion in ahomogeneous aquifer is shown by Fig. 2 where the value anddistribution of the constituent is represented by equal lines.This map s
41、hows the distribution of volatile organic compounds(VOC) resulting from spills in a developed area (10).6.2.3 Distribution of an Ion Emphasized by Shaded Concen-tration AreasMaps that use shaded concentration or coloredareas visually point out areas of interest to the project (Fig. 3).The shaded are
42、a can be used to highlight either high or lowconcentrations, for example, the maximum chloride ion (11).6.2.4 Distribution of an Ion in Waters from MultipleSourcesThe distribution of a constituent in water from two ormore sources, for example, fresh water and sea water, and in ahomogeneous aquifer,
43、is shown by Fig. 4. This map shows theposition of the saltwater-freshwater interface and the distribu-tion of the chloride constituent. The saltwater wedge is movingnorth toward an area of withdrawal and into the area of theaquifer that contains freshwater. The north edge of the saltwa-ter wedge is
44、at the base of the freshwater (12).6.2.5 Shaded or Colored Concentration Map and MatchingVertical Cross SectionThe addition of a cross section withthe concentration map improves the understanding of thevertical distribution of a liquid containing the constituent (Fig.FIG. 1 Map Showing Data Values b
45、y Sized Symbols Adaptedfrom Ref (9)FIG. 2 Map Showing Lines of Equal Total VOC ConcentrationAdapted from Ref (10)FIG. 3 Map of Shaded Areas of Chloride Concentration Adaptedfrom Ref (11)D6036 96 (2014)35). Usually a liquid with a density significantly different thanthe natural water in the aquifer w
46、ill stratify the level dependingupon the density of the invading liquid (see 4.4) (13).6.2.6 Ion Distribution in Water Infiltrating from a SurfaceSourceOther types of maps show the results of surfacefacilities, such as streams or constructed pits, intersecting theaquifer. Fig. 6 represents sulfate d
47、istribution in an aquifer as aresult of water infiltrating through a land fill operation (14).6.3 Change Maps of a Single Chemical Constituent for TwoDiscrete TimesThese maps display change or areal distribu-tion of a single ion in an aquifer or within a project over aperiod of time.6.3.1 Multiple M
48、aps Showing Ion Change for a Period ofTimeMaps can show a change in chemical parameters in anaquifer over a specific period. Fig. 7 uses two maps to show theincrease in dissolved solids over a 17-year period as a result oflarge withdrawals at well fields in a coastal area (15,16).6.3.2 An Integrated
49、 Map Showing Ion Change for a Periodof TimeThe map displayed by Fig. 8 employs isochemicallines of different intensities to show the increase of SO42overa specific period as a result of fertilization (15).6.4 Other Groundwater Quality MapsThese maps displaythe areal distribution of the computed relationship of two ormore chemical constituents, calculated values for a singleconstituent, the pseudo-three-dimensional placement of aparameter, and hydrochemical facies. Maps that displaygraphical plots at each representative groundwater site aredescribe
