1、Designation: D6039/D6039M 11Standard Specification forOpen and Covered Wood Crates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6039/D6039M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers five types and two styles ofopen
3、and one type, and one style of covered wood cratesdesigned for net loads not exceeding 4000 lb 1814 kg. Opencrates are suitable for shipment of items, which are not readilysusceptible to damage from outside forces, and which requireonly limited protection against the elements.1.2 If environmental pr
4、otection is necessary, use of a shroudor a covered crate should be considered. With the exception ofType III, Style B crates, the crates included in this specificationare for use in domestic and overseas shipment of net loads notover 4000 lb 1814 kg. Use shall be confined to items fallingwithin the
5、dimensions and weight limitations of the types andgrades specified in Table 1.1.3 In general, Style A crates have heavier components andare to withstand rather severe handling and multiple shipments(heavy-duty), while Style B crates should be confined tohandling and shipping that impose only light t
6、o moderatehazards on the container (light-duty). Types I, IV, and V cratesare general purpose types; Type II crates are designed for itemssuch as ladders, tubing, extrusions, or wallboard which do notrequire blocking, bracing, or cushioning; and Type III, Style Bcrates are designed for such self-sup
7、porting material as chan-nels, angles, or other structural members where the containerserves only as a means for more convenient stacking andhandling.1.4 If the use of other construction methods or techniques isacceptable and permitted (see 5.1.13), the resulting packagingsystems shall be of equal o
8、r better performance than wouldresult from the use of these specified materials and procedures.The appropriate distribution cycle specified in Practice D4169can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separ
9、ately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns
10、, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribut
11、ion Environ-mentsD1990 Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties forVisually-Graded Dimension Lumber from In-Grade Testsof Full-Size SpecimensD3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD4675 Guide for Selectio
12、n and Use of Flat StrappingMaterialsD6199 Practice for Quality of Wood Members of Contain-ers and PalletsD6253 Practice for Treatment and/or Marking of WoodPackaging MaterialsF1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes,and StaplesIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of International Sys-tem
13、of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 ASME Standards:3ASME B18.2.1-2010 Square, Hex, Heavy Hex, and AskewHead Bolts and Hex, Heavy Hex, Hex Flange, LobedHead, and Lag Screws (Inch Series)ASME B18.2.2-2010 Nuts for General Applications: Ma-chine Screw Nuts, Hex, Square, Hex Flange, and Cou-pling
14、 Nuts (Inch Series)1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.12 on ShippingContainers, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originallyapp
15、roved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6039/D6039M 08.DOI: 10.1520/D6039_D6039M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
16、Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engi-neering Center, 345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ASME B18.2.3.8M-
17、1981 Metric Hex Lag ScrewsASME B18.2.4.3M-1979 Metric Slotted Hex NutsASME B18.5-2008 Round Head Bolts (Inch Series)ASME B18.5.2.2M-1982 Metric Round head Square NeckBoltsASME B18.22M-1981 Metric Plain WashersASME B18.21.1-2009 Washers: Helical Spring-Lock, toothlock, and Plain Washers (Inch Series)
18、2.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)Standards:4PS 1 Voluntary Product Standard, Structural PlywoodPS 2 Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-UsePanelsPS 20 American Softwood Lumber Standard2.4 Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association (HPVA)Standard:5ANSI/HPVA HP-1-2004 A
19、merican National Standard forHardwood and Decorative Plywood2.5 National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) Stan-dard:6NHLA Rules for the Measurement and Inspection of Hard-wood and Cypress2.6 National Motor Freight Traffc Association Standard:7National Motor Freight Classification2.7 International
20、Standard:8ISPM 15 International Standards for Phytosanitary Mea-sures Publication No. 15 (ISPM 15), Regulation of WoodPackaging Material in International Trade3. Terminology3.1 General definitions for packaging and distribution envi-ronments are found in Terminology D996.NOTE 1Crate components discu
21、ssed herein were selected on the basisof component function.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: (SeeNote 1.)3.2.1 baselower frame of the crate on which its contentrests.3.2.2 battenreinforcement used to hold a series of mem-bers together to create rigidity; when used flushed with the
22、 end,it becomes a cleat.3.2.3 cleata piece of lumber used to strengthen or supportthe framework of the crate.3.2.4 cratea container with structural framework fastenedtogether to form a rigid structure enclosure, typically having anopen construction concept with little or no panel support.3.2.5 cross
23、membermember running perpendicular to lon-gitudinal members3.2.6 diagonalangle member placed between vertical andhorizontal members within a frame to provide rigidity to thecrate.3.2.7 endcomposed of members to which battens or cleatsare attached forming a structural component along the width ofthe
24、crate.3.2.8 end floor memberend frame members are similar toside frame members but perpendicular to the long dimension.3.2.9 filler piecesboards placed across the ends of thin,non-load-bearing floorboards, which serve to fill the spacebelow the lower frame member of the crate sides.3.2.10 joistload-
25、supporting member of the top frame,spanning the width of the crate.3.2.11 lateral membertransverse member of the frame.3.2.12 load-bearing floorboardtransverse base members,which serve to distribute and transfer loads to the outside skids.3.2.13 longitudinal memberlengthwise member of theframe.3.2.1
26、4 lower edge memberhorizontal members at thebottom of the side and end frames.3.2.15 memberparts that form the fundamental structureof both sheathed and open crate; members are typically boards.3.2.16 sidecomposed of faceboards or panels to whichbattens or cleats are attached forming a structural co
27、mponentalong the length of a container.3.2.17 skidlongitudinal members attached to the cratebottom, which serve to support and transfer the load to the sidepanels.3.2.18 strutmembers placed vertically between upper andlower members.3.2.19 toptop most panel of the crate. Also referred by“lid” or “cov
28、er”.3.2.20 upper edge memberhorizontal members at the topof the side and end frames.4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.5Available from Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association (HPVA), P.O. Bo
29、x2789, Reston, VA 22090-0789. www.hpva.org6Available from National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA), 6830 Ra-leigh LaGrange Rd., Memphis, TN 38134. www.natlhardwood.org7Available from the American Trucking Association, Inc., Traffic Department,2200 Mill Rd., Alexandria, VA 22314.8Available from th
30、e International Plant Protection Convention, www.ippc.int.TABLE 1 Crate ClassificationTypeStyle A, Heavy Duty Style B, Light DutyMaximum NetLoad (lb/kg)Inside Dimensions, maxMaximum NetLoad (lb/kg)Inside Dimensions, maxLength (ft/mm) Width (ft/mm) Height (ft/mm) Length (ft/mm) Width (ft/mm) Height (
31、ft/mm)I 250 113 4 1200 3 900 3 900 200 90 4 1200 3 900 3 900IIA1000 450 12 3600 4 900 2 450 No Style BIII No Style A No load or size restriction except as limited by handling methodsIV 1000 450 6 1829 4 900 4 900 No Style BVB2500 1125 12 3600 6 1829 6 1829 4000 1814 32 9600 6 1829 10 3000AItems such
32、 as ladders, tubing, and extrusions weighing less than 200 lb 90 kg and not exceeding 20 ft 6000 mm long, 3 ft 900 mm wide and 2 ft 600 mm highmay be packed in Type II crates.BType V, Styles A and B crates shall be further classified as being either nondemountable or demountable. Type V, Style B cra
33、tes may be open or covered.D6039/D6039M 1124. Classification4.1 Crates covered by this specification shall be of the typesand styles shown in Table 1 for maximum net loads andmaximum dimensions.5. Ordering Information5.1 Purchasers should select the preferred options permittedherein, and include the
34、 following information in procurementdocuments:5.1.1 Title, number, and date of this specification,5.1.2 Type and style of crate required (see Table 1),5.1.3 Combination of end and side panels required (see7.7.1 and 7.7.2),5.1.4 When interior side battens shall be replaced by exte-rior side cleats f
35、or forklift handling (see 7.7.4),5.1.5 Alternative method of assembly of demountable crateif required (see 7.10.6),5.1.6 When demountability is required for Type V crates(see 7.10 and 7.11),5.1.7 When Type V, Style B crates shall be open or covered(see 7.11),5.1.8 When covering material shall be oth
36、er than as speci-fied (see 7.11.6),5.1.9 When demountability is required for covered crates(see 7.11.7),5.1.10 When assembly instructions shall be furnished (see7.12),5.1.11 When the crates are to be furnished other thanknocked down (see 9.1),5.1.12 When packaging (see 9.1) and marking (see 9.2)isot
37、her than as specified,5.1.13 When proof that other construction methods ortechniques are acceptable (see 1.4) is required, and5.1.14 When ISPM 15 compliance is required (see 9.3).6. Materials6.1 MaterialsMaterials shall be as specified herein. Ma-terials not specified shall be selected by the contra
38、ctor/cratebuilder and shall be subject to all the provisions of thisspecification. Materials shall be free of defects, which ad-versely affect performance or serviceability of the finishedproduct.6.2 LumberLumber components shall conform to PracticeD6199, PS 20,orNHLA Rules. Wood members shall be th
39、eindustries commonly accepted practice for nominal sizes andwood groups and shall conform to commercial practice stan-dards in accordance with Practice D1990, unless otherwisespecified. Lumber components shall have a target thicknessand width uniform in dimension and 50 % of components shallmeet or
40、exceed the target dimensions at the time of componentmanufacture.6.3 PlywoodPlywood shall be performance-rated panel-ing manufactured in accordance with PS 1, PS 2,orANSI/HPVA HP-1-2004. All panels shall be bonded with moisture-resistant adhesive and be identified as either Exposure 1 orExterior.6.4
41、 FastenersFasteners are classified as driven nails,bolts, lag bolts, wood screws, and metal strapping.6.4.1 NailsNails shall be in accordance with SpecificationF1667 and other industry standards. Nails are classified asplain-shank, helically threaded, annularly threaded, fluted, ortwisted square wir
42、e.6.4.2 StaplesStaples have either round-wire or approxi-mately square-wire legs, referring to the cross-sectional shapeof the wire. Staples shall be made of low-carbon steel wire andgalvanized.6.4.3 Bolts, Lag Bolts, Nuts, and WashersBolts, lag bolts,nuts and washers shall conform to industry stand
43、ards, includ-ing the following:ASME B18.2.1-2010 (ASME B18.2.3.8M-1981),ASME B18.5-2008 (ASME B18.5.2.2M-1982),ASME B18.2.2-2010 (ASME B18.2.4.3M-1979), andASME B18.21.1-2009 (ASME B18.22M-1981).6.4.4 Wood ScrewsScrews shall be inserted into the cratecomponents to be assembled with a screwdriver or
44、screwmotion machine tool. Approximately two-thirds of the screwlength and seven times the shank diameter shall be thepenetration length into the fastening member. Where pre-drilling is required, the maximum lead-hold diameter shall bethe fastener-shank diameter, and the pilot-hole diameter shallnot
45、be larger than the thread-root diameter.6.4.5 Metal StrappingStrapping used to reinforce cratesshall conform to Specification D3953 and other industrystandards. Strapping finish shall be as specified herein. Refer toGuide D4675 for additional guidelines.7. Construction7.1 Nailing ProcedureFor fasten
46、ing covering materials tomembers, the length of nails shall not be less than 1 in. 25mm and shall not exceed the sum of the thickness of thecovering material and the member. Nail sizes specified for thefabrication of the various crates are based on Group I and IIwoods (see Practice D6199). When Grou
47、p III and IV woods areused, nail sizes may be one penny size smaller than thosespecified. The patterns to be used for the nailing of two flatpieces of lumber shall conform to the details shown in Fig. 1 oras specified herein. Unless otherwise specified herein, thefollowing requirements shall determi
48、ne size, placement, andquantity of nails:7.1.1 All adjacent crate members shall be fastened to eachother, either directly or by means of the covering.7.1.2 All nails that are not to be clinched shall be cementcoated or mechanically deformed (helically or annularlythreaded).7.1.3 Nails shall be drive
49、n through the thinner member intothe thicker member wherever possible.7.1.4 When the flat faces of lumber are nailed together andthe combined thickness is 3 in. 75 mm or less (except for thetop joists and covering material), nails shall be long enough topass through both thicknesses and shall be clinched not lessthan14 in. 6 mm nor more than38 in. 9 mm.7.1.5 When the flat faces of lumber are nailed together andthe combined thickness is more than 3 in. 75 mm or when theflat face
