1、Designation: D6046 02 (Reapproved 2012)D6046 17Standard Classification ofHydraulic Fluids for Environmental Impact1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6046; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This classification covers all unused fully formulated hydraulic fluids in their original form.1.2 This clas
3、sification establishes categories for the impact of hydraulic fluids on different environmental compartments asshown in Table 1. Fluids are assigned designations within these categories; for example PwL, Pwe, and so forth, based onperformance in specified tests.1.3 In the current version of this cla
4、ssification the aspects of environmental impact included are environmental persistence ofwhich biodegradability is one component and acute ecotoxicity. Although environmental persistence is discussed first, thisclassification does not imply that considerations of environmental persistence should tak
5、e precedence over concerns forecotoxicity.1.4 Another important aspect of environmental impact is bioaccumulation. This aspect is not addressed in the presentclassification because adequate test methods do not yet exist to measure bioaccumulation of hydraulic fluids.1.5 The present classification ad
6、dresses the fresh water and soil environmental compartments.At this time marine and anaerobicenvironmental compartments are not included, although they are pertinent for many uses of hydraulic fluids. Hydraulic fluids areexpected to have no significant impact on the atmosphere; therefore that compar
7、tment is not addressed.1.6 This classification addresses releases to the environment which are incidental to the use of a hydraulic fluid. Theclassification is not intended to address environmental impact in situations of major, accidental release. Nothing in thisclassification should be taken to re
8、lieve the user of the responsibility to properly use and dispose of hydraulic fluids.1.7 This classification does not cover any performance properties of a hydraulic fluid which relate to its performance in ahydraulic system.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, i
9、f any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance wit
10、h internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2
11、D5291 Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and LubricantsD5864 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their ComponentsD6006 Guide for Assessing Biodegradability of Hydraulic FluidsD6081 Practice for A
12、quatic Toxicity Testing of Lubricants: Sample Preparation and Results InterpretationE943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental FateE1440 Guide for Acute Toxicity Test with the Rotifer Brachionus1 This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
13、Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.N0 on Hydraulic Fluids.Current edition approved April 15, 2012Oct. 1, 2017. Published May 2012October 2017. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20062012 asD604602(2006).D6046 02 (201
14、2). DOI: 10.1520/D6046-02R12.10.1520/D6046-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document i
15、s not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as approp
16、riate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United State
17、s12.2 ISO Standards:3International Standard ISO Test 9439:1990 Technical Corrigendum 1, Water QualityEvaluation inAnAqueous Medium of the“Ultimate” Biodegradability of Organic CompoundsMethod by Analysis of Released Carbon Dioxide2.3 OECD Standards:4OECD 301B CO2 Evolution Test (the Modified Sturm T
18、est)OECD 301C Modified MITI Test (I)OECD 301F Manometric Respirometry TestOECD 201 Alga, Growth Inhibition TestOECD 202 Daphnia sp., Acute Immobilisation Test and Reproduction TestOECD 203 Fish, Acute Toxicity TestOECD 207 Earthworm Acute Toxicity TestOECD 208 Terrestrial Plants Growth Test2.4 US EP
19、A Tests:5Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation Test, 40 CFR 796.3100 (Also available as EPA publication 560/6-82-003, number CG-2000)Toxic Substances ControlAct (TSCA), 40 CFR Parts 796 and 797Environmental Effects Testing Guidelines, Federal Register,Vol 50, No. 188, September 27, 1985, p. 393212.5 Enviro
20、nmental Canada Test Methods:6Biological Test Method: Acute Lethality Test Using Rainbow Trout, Report EPS 1/9, Environment Canada, July 1990Biological Test Method: Reference Method for Determining Acute Lethality of Effluents to Rainbow Trout, Reference MethodEPS 1/RM/13, Environment Canada, July 19
21、90Biological Test Method: Growth Inhibition Test Using the Freshwater Alga Selenastrum capricornutum, Report EPS 1/RM/25,Environment Canada, November 1992Biological Test Method: Acute Lethality Test Using Daphnia spp., Report EPS 1/RM/11, Environment Canada, July 1990Biodegradability of Two-Stroke C
22、ycle Outboard Engine Oils in Water, CEC L-33-A-934,L-33-A-93, Co-Ordinating EuropeanCouncil, 1994 (Formerly L-33-T-82)Toxic Substances ControlAct (TSCA), Good Laboratory Practice Standards, Final Rule, U.S. Federal Register, 40 CFR Part 792,August 17, 19892.6 Other Standards:MENVIQ 92.03/800D.mag. 1
23、.1, March 1992729 CFR 1910 OSHA Regulated Carcinogens and Potential Carcinogens53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produce adverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations in a short period of time, us
24、ually not constituting a substantial portion of the life span of theorganism.3.1.2 aerobic, adj(1) taking place in the presence of oxygen, (2) living or active in the presence of oxygen.3.1.3 anaerobic, adj(1) taking place in the absence of oxygen, (2) living or active in the absence of oxygen.3.1.4
25、 biodegradation, nthe process of chemical breakdown or transformation of a material caused by organisms or theirenzymes.3 Available from American National Standards Institute, Institute (ANSI), 25 WestW. 43rd Street,St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. 10036, http:/www.ansi.org. Allstandards referenc
26、ed are from the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals.4 Available from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2, RueAndre Pascal, S-75775, Paris CEDEX 16, France. May also be found in U.S.Federal Register, Vol 50, No. 188, September 27, 1965, paragraph 796.3260.5 Available
27、from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.6 Available from CEC, Madou Plaza, Place Madou 1, B-1030 Brussels, Belgium.7 Available from Ministere de lEnvironment, Gouvernment du Quebec.TABLE 1 Overview of Extended ClassificationEnvironmentalCompartmentCategories of Environmental ImpactEnvir
28、onmentalPersistence Ecotoxicity BioaccumulationFresh Water Pw Tw BwMarine Pm Tm BmSoil Ps Ts BsAnaerobic Pa Ta BaD6046 1723.1.4.1 DiscussionBiodegradation is only one mechanism by which materials are removed from the environment.3.1.5 ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produce adverse beh
29、avioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations.3.1.6 effect load XX (ELXX), na statistically or graphically estimated loading rate of test material that is expected to cause oneor more specified effects in XX % of a group of organisms under specified conditions f
30、or a specified time.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThis terminology should be used for hydraulic fluids instead of the standard effect concentration (ECXX) when the hydraulic fluidis not completely soluble under test conditions.3.1.7 environmental compartment, na subdivision of the environment based on physical
31、or chemical properties, or both.3.1.7.1 DiscussionExamples of environmental compartments are aerobic fresh water, aerobic marine, aerobic soil, and anaerobic media. The resultsof test procedures may be applied to environmental compartments, but the test systems do not constitute an environmentalcomp
32、artment.3.1.8 fresh water environment, nthe aerobic, fresh water environmental compartment.3.1.9 good laboratory practices (GLP), nguidelines for the management of laboratory experiments which are published byregulatory agencies or other recognized groups and are concerned with the organizational pr
33、ocess and the conditions under whichlaboratory studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, and reported.3.1.9.1 DiscussionThe major GLPs used are USEPATSCA, USFDA, OECD, and to some extent the MITI version from Japan for submissions inJapan.3.1.10 inhibition load XX (ILXX), na statistically
34、 or graphically estimated loading rate of test material that is expected to causea XX % inhibition of a biological process (such as growth or reproduction) which has an analog as opposed to a digital measure.3.1.10.1 DiscussionAn example of a digital measure would be alive or dead. This terminology
35、should be used for hydraulic fluids instead of thestandard inhibition concentration (ICXX) when the hydraulic fluid is not completely soluble under test conditions.3.1.11 inoculum, nspores, bacteria, single-celled organisms, or other live materials that are introduced into a test medium.3.1.12 letha
36、l load XX (LLXX), na statistically or graphically estimated loading rate of test material that is expected to be lethalto XX % of a group of organisms under specified conditions for a specified time.3.1.12.1 DiscussionThis terminology should be used for hydraulic fluids instead of the standard letha
37、l concentration (LCXX) when the hydraulic fluidis not completely soluble under test conditions.3.1.13 loading rate, nthe ratio of test material to aqueous medium used in the preparation of a water accommodated fraction(WAF) and in interpretation of the results of a toxicity study with a poorly water
38、 soluble lubricant or lubricant component.3.1.14 mechanical dispersion, na mixture produced by the application of mechanical shearing forces to a multi-phase system,one component of which is water, so as to distribute one or more of the materials uniformly throughout the mass of the water withthe wa
39、ter existing as a continuous phase.3.1.15 pre-adaptation, nthe pre-incubation of an inoculum in the presence of the test material and under conditions similarto the test conditions.3.1.15.1 DiscussionThe aim of pre-adaptation is to improve the precision of the test method by decreasing variability i
40、n the rate of biodegradationD6046 173produced by the inoculum. Pre-adaptation may mimic the natural processes which cause changes in the microbial population ofthe inoculum leading to more rapid biodegradation of the test material but not to a change in the final extent of biodegradation.3.1.16 prim
41、ary biodegradation, ndegradation of the test material by microorganisms resulting in a change in its physical orchemical properties, or both.3.1.16.1 DiscussionThe extent to which the results of a primary biodegradation test correspond to the biological conversion of the test material willdepend on
42、the attribute which is being measured.3.1.17 primary biodegradation test, na test which follows the disappearance of a test material by measuring some attributeof the material.3.1.17.1 DiscussionThe extent to which the results of a primary biodegradation test correspond to the biological conversion
43、of the test material willdepend on the attribute which is being measured.3.1.18 terrestrial (or soil) environment, nthe aerobic environmental compartment which is found in and on natural soils.3.1.19 theoretical CO2, nthe amount of CO2 which could in theory be produced from the complete oxidation of
44、 all the carbonin a material.3.1.20 theoretical O2, nthe amount of oxygen which would theoretically be required to completely oxidize a material.3.1.21 ultimate biodegradation, ndegradation achieved when a material is totally utilized by microorganisms resulting in theproduction of carbon dioxide (a
45、nd possibly methane in the case of anaerobic biodegradation), water, inorganic compounds, andnew microbial cellular constituents (biomass or secretions or both).3.1.22 ultimate biodegradation test, na test which estimates the extent to which the carbon in a material is converted to CO2or methane, ei
46、ther directly by measuring the production of CO2 or methane, or, for aerobic biodegradation, indirectly by measuringthe consumption of O2.3.1.22.1 DiscussionThe measurement of new biomass is usually not attempted.3.1.23 water accommodated fraction (WAF), nthe predominately aqueous portion of a mixtu
47、re of water and a poorlywater-soluble material which separates in a specified period of time after the mixture has undergone a specified degree of mixingand includes water, dissolved components, and dispersed droplets of the poorly water soluble material.3.1.23.1 DiscussionThe chemical composition o
48、f the WAF depends on the ratio of poorly soluble material to water in the original mixture as well asthe details of the mixing procedure.3.1.24 wppman abbreviation for part per million by weight.3.1.25 Definitions and terms not given in this classification may be found in the Compilation of ASTM Sta
49、ndard Definitions,1990 or Terminology E943.4. Significance and Use4.1 This classification establishes categories of hydraulic fluids which are distinguished by their response to certain standardizedlaboratory procedures. These procedures indicate the possible response of some environmental compartments to the introductionof the hydraulic fluid. One set of procedures measures the aerobic aquatic biodegradability (environmental persistence) of the fluidsand another set of procedures estimates the acute ecotoxicity effects of the fluids.4.
