1、Designation: D 6049 03Standard Test Method forRubber PropertyMeasurement of the Viscous and ElasticBehavior of Unvulcanized Raw Rubbers and RubberCompounds by Compression Between Parallel Plates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6049; the number immediately following the designat
2、ion indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is an adaptation
3、 of the GermanStandard DIN 53514, a further development of the former“Defo Test” (see Appendix X1).1.2 This test method is capable of measuring and character-izing the rheological behavior (viscosity and elasticity) ofunvulcanized raw rubbers and rubber compounds, relating tothe macro structure of r
4、ubber polymers (average molecularweight, molecular weight distribution, long chain branching,and micro- and macro-gel).1.3 The viscosity and elasticity of unvulcanized rubbers andrubber compounds are determined by subjecting cylindricaltest pieces to a compression/recovery cycle. The dependencyon sh
5、ear rate at constant shear stress is evaluated and thematerial fatigue behavior is determined in repeat cycle testing.1.4 The non-Newtonian viscous and elastic behavior ofrubbers and rubber compounds can also be evaluated.1.5 Statistical evaluation of the test data provides an indi-cation of data va
6、riation, which may be employed as an estimateof the homogeneity of the material tested.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated w
7、ith its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 297 Test Methods for Rubber ProductsChemicalAnalysis2D 926 Test
8、Method for Rubber PropertyPlasticity andRecovery (Parallel Plate Method)2D 4483 Practice for Determining Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Industries2D 6048 Practice for Stress Relaxation Testing of Raw Rub-ber, Unvulcanized Rubber Compounds, and ThermoplasticElastome
9、ters22.2 DIN Standards:DIN 53514 Testing of RubberDetermination of Viscosityand Elasticity Related Numbers of Raw Rubber andRubber Mixes in a Compression Test between ParallelPlates3DIN 53523, Part 1 Testing of Rubber and ElastomersTesting with the Mooney Shearing Disk Viscometer;Preparation of Test
10、 Pieces32.3 ISO Standards:ISO 5725 Precision of Test MethodsDetermination ofRepeatability and Reproducibility for a Standard TestMethod by Interlaboratory Tests4ISO 7323 RubberRaw and Unvulcanized CompoundedDetermination of Plasticity Number and Recovery Num-ber; Parallel Plate Method43. Terminology
11、3.1 DefinitionsThe following terms appear in logicalorder for the sake of clarity.3.1.1 Multiple Compression Force Testrefer to Section 10for more details.3.1.1.1 viscosity number, V10(Ns)the product of the forceF in N required to compress a test piece the final 0.5 mm (0.02in.) in a 6.0 mm (0.24 in
12、.) total compression cycle (from 13.0to 7.0 mm (0.51 to 0.28 in.) and the compression time dt1equaling 10 s.3.1.1.2 total compression time, tTthe time in s required tocompress a test piece the full 6.0 mm (0.24 in.), that is, from13.0 to 7.0 mm (0.51 to 0.28 in.).3.1.1.3 elasticity number, DE30the e
13、lastic recovery ex-pressed in units of 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) calculated from theheight h2of the test piece after compression from 13.0 to 7.0mm (0.51 in. to 0.28 in.) within 30 s followed by a recoveryperiod of 30 s.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D11 on Rubber and isthe direct
14、 responsibility of Subcommittee D11.12 on Processability Tests.Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 6049 - 02.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.3Available from Deutsches Institut fr Normung, Burgg
15、rafenstr 6, D 10787Berlin 30, Germany.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1.4 non-Newtonian viscosity exponent
16、, n1the slope ofthe line in a double log plot of the viscosity versus the shearrate; n1is dimensionless and always negative.3.1.1.5 elasticity coeffcient, mthe slope of the line in aplot of the elasticity number DE (see 3.1.2.3) versus the log ofthe shear rate; the dimension of m is mm (in units of
17、0.1 mmper decade).3.1.1.6 test data variation number, svthe average standarddeviation of the data points of the individual test pieces, fromthe regression line of the viscosity number in accordance with3.1.1.4.3.1.1.7 test data variation number, sethe average standarddeviation of the data points of
18、the individual test pieces fromthe regression line of the elasticity number in accordance with3.1.1.5.(a) DiscussionBoth numbers, svand se, can be used to(1) characterize the homogeneity of the test pieces or (2)provide an estimate of the test precision where test pieces areknown to be homogeneous.
19、In addition, secan indicate rarecases of nonlinearity.3.1.1.8 viscous material fatigue, DV21the decrease inpercent of V10for the first compression compared to V10for thesecond compression.(a) DiscussionWhen the first compression/recoverycycle (compression time = recovery time) is repeated, theviscos
20、ity number of the second cycle will be lower than that ofthe first cycle.3.1.1.9 elastic material fatigue, Q21the quotient of therecovery times, (tRV)2and (tRV)1, after the second and firstcompression/recovery cycle, allowing the test piece to reachequivalent recovery heights in both cycles; Q21is d
21、imension-less.(a) DiscussionIn the second compression/recoverycycle the test piece requires a longer recovery time to reach thesame height as in the first cycle.3.1.2 Single Compression Force Testrefer to Section 10for more details.3.1.2.1 viscosityspecific to this test method, the ratio ofcompressi
22、on force to compression time, where compressionforce and compression time are proportional to shear stress andshear rate, respectively.(a) DiscussionThe compression force F specified for aparticular material determines the deformation stress, and thecompression time dt1required to compress a test pi
23、ece the final0.5 mm (0.02 in.) in a 6.0 mm (0.24 in.) total compressioncycle (from 13.0 to 7.0 mm (0.51 to 0.28 in.) determines thedeformation rate.3.1.2.2 total compression time, tTrefer to 3.1.1.2.3.1.2.3 elastic recovery, DEcalculated from the height h2of the test piece after compression from 13.
24、0 to 7.0 mm (0.51in. to 0.28 in.) followed by a recovery period, equal in lengthto the compression time, expressed in units of 0.1 mm (0.004in.).3.1.2.4 non-Newtonian viscosity number, qthe quotient ofthe two compression time values dt1and tT(see 3.1.2.1 and3.1.1.2); q is dimensionless.3.1.2.5 test
25、data variationthe standard deviations srforthe compression time dt1(3.1.2.1) and srfor the elasticrecovery DE (3.1.2.3).(a) Discussionsee 3.1.1.7.3.1.2.6 viscous material fatigue, D dt21the decrease inpercent of the compression time dt2versus the compressiontime dt1.(a) DiscussionWhen the first comp
26、ression/recoverycycle (compression time = recovery time) is repeated with thesame force, the compression time dt2of the second cycle willbe lower than the compression time dt1of the first cycle.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method provides procedures for preparingcylindrical test pieces of
27、specified diameter and height fromunvulcanized raw rubbers and rubber compounds and fortesting their viscous and elastic behavior at a specified tem-perature in a compression/recovery operation between parallelplates.4.2 The compression device is mounted in an environmentalchamber. The preferred tes
28、t temperature is 105C (221F).4.3 The change in test piece height is measured under aconstant compression force and in the recovery phase afterreleasing the force.4.4 Viscosity is characterized by compression force andcompression time, elasticity by the recovery height of the testpiece after release
29、of the compression force (recovery phase).Material fatigue is measured through repeat compression/recovery cycles.4.5 The test can be performed with multiple compressionforces for a more comprehensive evaluation of the viscous andelastic properties, including non-Newtonian behavior, or with atime sa
30、ving single compression force, preferred in qualitycontrol to test primarily uniformity of viscosity and elasticity.4.6 Statistical evaluation of the test results gives an indica-tion of data scatter, and permits also an assessment of thehomogeneity of the material under test.5. Significance and Use
31、5.1 The viscous and elastic behavior of unvulcanized rub-bers and rubber compounds is of paramount importance inrubber manufacturing, since it affects processing, such asmixing, calendering, extrusion, and molding. The uniformity ofthese properties is equally important, as fluctuations will causeups
32、ets in manufacturing processes.5.2 A test capable of measuring viscosity and elasticity ofunvulcanized rubbers and rubber compounds, including theiruniformity and prediction of processing behavior, is thereforehighly desirable (see Practice D 6048 for further information).5.3 Compared to many other
33、rheological tests, this testmethod measures viscosity and elasticity related parametersunder conditions of low shear and has a high discriminatingpower. It can detect small rheological differences. A fulldiscussion of the principles behind stress relaxation testing isgiven in Practice D 6048.5.4 Tes
34、t results of this test method may be useful inpredicting processability, but correlation with actual manufac-turing processes must be established in each individual case,since conditions vary too widely.D60490325.5 This test method is suitable for specification compliancetesting, quality control, re
35、feree purposes, and research anddevelopment work.6. Interferences6.1 For reliable test results it is important that test pieces areof accurate dimensions, are free of air inclusions and blisters,and contain negligible residual stresses.6.2 Although this test method is practically unlimited intesting
36、 unvulcanized rubbers, it may be necessary to considersmaller test pieces in the case of very hard and rigid sub-stances.7. Apparatus57.1 Compression Device:7.1.1 Two circular platens with a diameter of 30.0 6 0.1mm (1.181 6 0.004 in.) and a thickness of at least 2 mm (0.08in.) mounted in an angle i
37、ron frame, are facing each otherhorizontally. The upper platen can be vertically moved andraised at least 14 mm (0.55 in.) above the lower platen topermit insertion of the 13-mm (0.51-in.) high test piece.7.1.2 The upper platen shall be able to move nearly withoutfriction, that is, it must smoothly
38、descend under the contactforce specified in 7.1.5.7.1.3 The upper platen shall be capable of applying acompressive force between 1 and 800 N (0.22 and 180 lbf) 60.5 % to the test piece within 1 s. The force should be appliedrapidly but not abruptly.7.1.4 After the height of the test piece has been r
39、educedfrom 13.0 to 7.0 mm (0.51 to 0.28 in.) the compression forceshall be released in less than 0.5 s.7.1.5 A residual compression force of 0.040 6 0.005 N(0.009 6 0.001 lbf) shall always be maintained by the upperplaten to warrant an intimate contact with the test piece prior tocompression and dur
40、ing the recovery cycle. The mass of theupper platen must be taken into account and compensated for.7.1.6 The position of the upper platen shall be continuouslyrecorded during the test to the nearest 0.01 mm (0.0004 in.) inat least 0.05 s intervals. The starting time of the compressioncycle, the time
41、 of reaching compression heights of 7.5 and 7.0mm (0.30 and 0.28 in.), and the recovery times shall berecorded to the nearest 0.05 s.7.1.7 The compressed test pieces shall only be in contactwith the two platens and the platens shall be kept free ofcontamination. The test piece arrangement is illustr
42、ated in Fig.1.7.2 Test Chamber:7.2.1 The compression device shall be contained in a testchamber that can be temperature controlled between 20 and170 6 1C (e68 and 338 6 2F).7.2.2 The test chamber shall have holding devices to ac-commodate test pieces of 13.0 6 0.1 mm (0.51 6 0.004 in.)plus twice the
43、 thickness of the sandpaper in height forconditioning.7.3 Recording and Evaluation of Test Results:7.3.1 The test shall be run and controlled automatically,including recording of the compression heights and times.7.3.2 Evaluation of test results is best carried out immedi-ately after the test. The u
44、se of a computer to control the testsequence and record data is recommended.8. Preparation of Test Pieces8.1 The cylindrical test piece shall have a height of 13.0 60.1 mm (0.51 6 0.004 in.) and a diameter of 30.0 6 0.1 mm(1.18 6 0.004 in.). It is typically produced by molding andshould be free of b
45、listers and internal residual stresses. Sand-paper disks6shall be molded to the top and bottom of thecylindrical test piece to stabilize the surfaces and ensure aneven transmission of the compression forces without slippage.The sandpaper facing also prevents fouling of the platens of thecompression
46、device and can be used for identification pur-poses.8.2 Test Pieces from Rubber in Bale Form:8.2.1 Sheets of approximately 2 mm (0.08 in.) in thicknessare sliced from the bale, and disks of approximately 30 mm(1.18 in.) in diameter are die cut from these sheets. The disksare loosely plied up to prod
47、uce a specimen sufficiently large involume for a test piece, including a mold flash of 0.05 to 0.35g.8.2.2 The mass of material required for a test piece can bederived from the density of the material and the test piecevolume of approximately 9.2 cm3(0.56 in.3)(mass = volume 3 density). It is also n
48、ecessary to consider thesandpaper with a density of approximately 1.28 g/cm3(for twodisks per test piece a mass of 0.34 g and a thickness of 0.38 mmis typical).8.2.3 The test specimen is weighed to the nearest 0.1 g andplaced into a “ring-and-piston” type compression mold, cov-ering the top and bott
49、om surfaces of the sample with approxi-mately 30 mm (1.18 in.) diameter sandpaper disks. The grain ofthe sandpaper is facing the sample.5A suitable instrument can be obtained under the name Defo-Elastometer(System Bayer) from Haake, Inc., West Century Road, Paramus, NJ 07652, orHaake G.m.b.H., Dieselstr., D76227 Karlsruhe, Germany.6A suitable sandpaper is 3M 230N (120 grit, aluminum oxide) available from3M Abrasive Systems Div., 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55144, or 3M 204 (120 grit,aluminum oxide) available from Fa. Krueckemeyer, D57225 Wilmsdorf, Germ
