1、Designation: D 6055 96 (Reapproved 2007)e1Standard Test Methods forMechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large ShippingCases and Crates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6055; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEFig. A1.1 was editorially corrected in May 2007.1. Scope1.1 These test methods are suitable fo
3、r testing the integrityof unitized loads and large cases and crates, but not individualdrums or palletized drums, as well as the ability of the contentsto endure normal handling, using standard mechanical han-dling equipment. Not all of the test methods are applicable toall products containers and l
4、oads. These test methods areapplicable to common means of material handling, includingpull pack, clamp truck, and spade lift-type handling equipmentas follows:1.1.1 Test Method AFork Truck HandlingFor testingthe ability of the shipping unit to withstand repeated handlingsby this test method.1.1.2 Te
5、st Method BSpade Lift TestFor lifting by spadelift attachment to determine the ability of the handling flap ofthe case or shipping unit to withstand repeated lifting andhandling by this test method.1.1.3 Test Method CClamp Handling TestFor lifting byhydraulic clamp attachment, to determine the abili
6、ty of theshipping unit to withstand squeeze clamp handling consistingof repeated side compression and lifting.1.1.4 Test Method DPush-Pull Handling TestFor test-ing the ability of a unitized load on a slip-sheet to withstandrepeated handling by this test method.1.1.5 Test Method EGrabhook TestFor li
7、fting by grab-hooks to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstandthe horizontal pressures of grabhooks.1.1.6 Test Method FSling TestsFor lifting by wire rope,cable, or woven fiber slings to determine the ability of theshipping unit to withstand the compression of slings.1.2 Additional T
8、est Methods:1.2.1 Additional test methods that apply to mechanicalhandling and rough handling tests of unitized loads and largecases and crates include incline impact tests, described in TestMethod D 880; horizontal impact tests, described in TestMethod D 4003.1.2.2 Practice D 4169 provides a series
9、 of options forselecting and running performance tests on all types ofshipping containers and systems.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and he
10、alth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 4003 Test Methods for Programmable
11、 Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: General terms in these test methods aredefined
12、in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 clamp lift attachmenta lift truck attachment used forclamp handling products packaged in flat-sided packages.3.2.2 forklift attachmenta lift truck attachment used tohandle large unitized or palletized loads.3.2.3 large shi
13、pping case or crateshipping container con-structed of any material and of such size and weight to requiremechanical handling. A case or crate of this type may weighfrom 100 lb (45 kg), up to many tons and measure proportion-ately. The case or crate may be secured to or carried by a baseor pallet. Fr
14、ame members may be provided for rigiditythroughout the container.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition appro
15、ved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 6055 96 (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
16、 refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.4 push-pull attachmenta lift truck attachment used forpush-pull handling products packaged using slip sheets.3.2.5 s
17、hipping unitthe smallest complete unit that will besubjected to the distribution environment, for example, ashipping container and its contents.3.2.6 spade lift attachmenta lift truck attachment used fortop handling products packaged in interlocked double-coverboxes or folded cap- or folded flap-sty
18、le cartons.3.2.7 unitized loadconsists of a number of packages (twoor more) secured together as a shipping unit. These packageswhen unitized typically weigh more than 100 lb (45 kg). Theunitized method may be shrink wrapping, stretch wrapping,banding, strapping, taping, or gluing. A base consisting
19、of apallet or slip sheet may or may not be used.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are designed for use in most caseswith the actual equipment to be used in load handling.4.2 These test methods may be used in evaluating theshipping unit as to suitability for mechanical handling bystandard
20、 user-specified load-handling equipment.4.3 These test methods will allow the user to determineintegrity and stability of the load as well as provide guidanceto improve the design of the unit load where deficiencies arefound.4.4 Damage to products or packages observed during testingmay be expected t
21、o correlate at least in a qualitative way todamage observed in actual distribution handling systems.5. Apparatus5.1 Fork Truck Test ApparatusIn performing the forktruck handling test, use an actual lift truck with fork attachmentto lift the shipping unit. The lift truck and blade(s) shall becapable
22、of handling the size and quantity of products inaccorance with current practice.5.2 Spade Lift Test ApparatusIn performing the spade lifttest, use an actual lift truck with spade lift attachment to lift theshipping unit under the lifting flap. The lift truck and blade(s)must be capable of handling t
23、he size and quantity of productsin accordance with current practice.5.3 Clamp Lift Handling Test ApparatusIn performing theclamp handling test, use an actual lift truck with the appropri-ate load clamping device to lift the shipping unit. Provisionshall be made to measure the clamp force between the
24、 platensusing a load cell(s) or other suitable device.5.4 Push-Pull Test ApparatusIn performing the push-pulltest, use an actual lift truck with the appropriate gripper jaw forpulling the load by the slip sheet tab onto the load plate.Alternatively, any suitable pulling device equipped with agripper
25、 jaw may be used.5.5 Grabhook Test and Sling Test ApparatusIn lifting thecase or crate with grabhooks or slings, a hoist with grabhooksor slings attached is the simplest and easiest, but the test maybe made with a tackle or by lifting the case or crate with jacksand setting it into grabhooks or slin
26、gs supported by some formof truss.6. Test Specimen and Number of Tests6.1 Test several shipping units of a given design, if possible,to obtain replication of results. If in the instance of a number ofcases wrapped or banded together, it is not possible to test anentire unitized load, then sufficient
27、 cases should be assembledsuch that the height and one base dimension are nearly thesame as the proposed unitized load. For the clamp, spade lift,or push-pull test, use an entire unitized load. The same case orunitized load may often be used for all applicable tests if nottested to failure. Load the
28、 shipping unit for the test with theactual contents for which it was designed, or if this is notpossible, with a dummy load simulating such contents in mass,shape, and position in the shipping unit.7. Conditioning7.1 It is recommended that atmospheres for conditioning beselected from those in accord
29、ance with Practice D 4332.Unless otherwise specified, fiberboard and other paperboardcontainers shall be preconditioned and conditioned in accor-dance with the standard atmosphere specified in PracticeD 4332.8. Acceptance Criteria8.1 Reference Practice D 4169 for acceptance criteria andthe correlati
30、on to relative performance criteria.9. Mechanical Handling Tests with Lift Trucks9.1 Test Method AFork Lift Test Procedure9.1.1 Handling on Test Course:9.1.1.1 Use an actual lift truck equipped with user-specifiedfork attachments. See Annex A1 for recommended standardcourse for lift truck handling t
31、ests.9.1.1.2 The operator is to lift and transport to each obser-vation point in a manner typical of current practice.9.1.1.3 The minimum number of handlings and fork typeand size shall be specified by the user; however, it should benoted that the effects of temperature and humidity in the testingen
32、vironment may vary greatly and, if so, may affect thestrength of the shipping unit. For this reason, it may be usefulto specify the minimum number of handlings based on testperiods representing these extremes.9.1.1.4 Examine the load during and after each test cycle todetermine if failure occurred.9
33、.2 Test Method BSpade Lift Test Procedure:9.2.1 Use an actual lift truck equipped with the spade liftattachment to be used in actual practice. See Annex A1 forrecommended standard course for lift truck handling test.9.2.2 The operator is to engage, lift, and transport the loadto each observation poi
34、nt in a manner typical of currentpractice.9.2.3 If normal handling requirements specify two or moreunits high, the test should be conducted with an equivalent loadon the test specimen. This test can be repeated for a predeter-mined number of handlings or until failure occurs. Theminimum number of ha
35、ndlings required shall be specified bythe user; however, it should be noted that the effects oftemperature and humidity in the testing environment may varygreatly and, if so, will affect the strength of the handling flap.D 6055 96 (2007)e12For this reason, it may be useful to specify the minimumnumb
36、er of handlings based on test periods representing theseextremes.9.2.4 Examine the shipping unit during and after the testcycle to determine if failure of the handling flap occurred.9.3 Test Method CClamp Handling Test Procedure:9.3.1 Test the ability of the shipping unit to withstandrepeated side c
37、ompression using a lift truck equipped withhydraulic carton clamp or other suitable load clamping device.If the shipping units are normally handled two high, a secondcase or equivalent dummy load should be placed on the unit tobe tested prior to clamping.9.3.2 Provision shall be made for measuring t
38、he total forceapplied to the load using a load cell(s) or other suitable deviceat critical locations.9.3.3 Measure the clamp force between the platen, andrecord the forces measured between the clamps at all theavailable clamp settings (that is, low, medium, and high).9.3.4 When using a single-load c
39、ell clamp force indicator tomeasure clamp force for articulating clamp, it should bepositioned as follows (see Fig. 1):9.3.4.1 Front to BackPosition the load cell so that itscenterline is directly in line with the pivoting axis of the clamparms.9.3.4.2 Top to BottomPosition the load cell so that it
40、isparallel to the clamping cylinders and its centerline is betweenthe two clamping cylinders.NOTE 1Measurements may be taken with multiple-load cells, wherethe force can be measured at various positions on the clamp at the sametime. This will show the force variations due to camber and toe-in. These
41、two forces are often overlooked and cause damage and excessive forces tobe applied to the package being carried.9.3.4.3 When using a single-load cell clamp force indicatorto measure clamp force for non-articulating clamps, positionthe force gages at the center of the clamps.9.3.5 Clamp the package o
42、r the shipping unit in a mannertypical of current or expected practice starting with the lowestclamp force and increasing the force until load can besuccessfully transported.9.3.5.1 Use the minimum clamp force on the truck to allowrepeated handlings in the particular distribution system, or9.3.5.2 T
43、he next highest clamp setting on the truck to allowrepeated handlings in the particular distribution system.9.3.6 See Annex A1 for recommended standard course forlift truck handling tests.9.3.6.1 The operator is to clamp, lift, and transport to eachobservation point until the course has been complet
44、ed onecycle.9.3.6.2 If the shipping unit is normally clamped from bothdirections, distribute the test cycles accordingly based onprobability of clamping from each direction.9.3.6.3 The minimum number of handlings and platen sizeshall be specified by the user; however, it should be noted thatthe effe
45、cts of temperature and humidity in the testing environ-ment may vary greatly and, if so, may affect the strength of theshipping unit. For this reason, it may be useful to specify theminimum number of handlings based on test periods represent-ing these extremes.9.3.7 Examine the package and product a
46、fter the test cycleto determine if failure occurred.9.4 Test Method DPush-Pull Handling Procedure:9.4.1 Handling on Test Course:9.4.1.1 Use an actual lift truck equipped with gripper jawfor pulling the load by the slip sheet tab onto the load plate orplatens. See Annex A1 for recommended standard co
47、urse forlift truck handling tests.9.4.1.2 The operator is to clamp, lift, and transport to eachobservation point in a manner typical of current practice.9.4.1.3 The minimum number of handlings and platen sizeshall be specified by the user.NOTE 2The effects of temperature and humidity in the testinge
48、nvironment may vary greatly and, if so, may affect the strength of theshipping unit. For this reason, it may be useful to specify the minimumnumber of handlings based on test periods representing these extremes.9.4.1.4 Examine the load during and after each test cycle todetermine if failure occurred
49、.10. Grabhook and Sling Test Procedures10.1 Test Method EGrabhook Test Procedures:10.1.1 Close the case or crate fully loaded with the actualcontents or a dummy load of the same total mass anddistribution as for shipment.10.1.2 Grabhooks may consist of one or two pairs depend-ing upon the case or crate dimensions, mass, and design. Pointsof contact for grabhooks may be stenciled on the case or crate.If no marks are shown, then contact may be made by either ofthe following methods:10.1.2.1 One pair of grabhooks at any point (usually thecenter of bala
