1、Designation: D6055 96 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Methods forMechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large ShippingCases and Crates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6055; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods are suitable for testing the integrityof unitized loads and large cases an
3、d crates, but not individualdrums or palletized drums, as well as the ability of the contentsto endure normal handling, using standard mechanical han-dling equipment. Not all of the test methods are applicable toall products containers and loads. These test methods areapplicable to common means of m
4、aterial handling, includingpull pack, clamp truck, and spade lift-type handling equipmentas follows:1.1.1 Test Method AFork Truck HandlingFor testingthe ability of the shipping unit to withstand repeated handlingsby this test method.1.1.2 Test Method BSpade Lift TestFor lifting by spadelift attachme
5、nt to determine the ability of the handling flap ofthe case or shipping unit to withstand repeated lifting andhandling by this test method.1.1.3 Test Method CClamp Handling TestFor lifting byhydraulic clamp attachment, to determine the ability of theshipping unit to withstand squeeze clamp handling
6、consistingof repeated side compression and lifting.1.1.4 Test Method DPush-Pull Handling TestFor testingthe ability of a unitized load on a slip-sheet to withstandrepeated handling by this test method.1.1.5 Test Method EGrabhook TestFor lifting by grab-hooks to determine the ability of the shipping
7、unit to withstandthe horizontal pressures of grabhooks.1.1.6 Test Method FSling TestsFor lifting by wire rope,cable, or woven fiber slings to determine the ability of theshipping unit to withstand the compression of slings.1.2 Additional Test Methods:1.2.1 Additional test methods that apply to mecha
8、nicalhandling and rough handling tests of unitized loads and largecases and crates include incline impact tests, described in TestMethod D880; horizontal impact tests, described in TestMethod D4003.1.2.2 Practice D4169 provides a series of options for select-ing and running performance tests on all
9、types of shippingcontainers and systems.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
10、limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Contain-ers and SystemsD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal ImpactTest for Shipping Containers and SystemsD4169 P
11、ractice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for Testing3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral terms in these test methods aredefined in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standar
12、d:3.2.1 clamp lift attachmenta lift truck attachment used forclamp handling products packaged in flat-sided packages.3.2.2 forklift attachmenta lift truck attachment used tohandle large unitized or palletized loads.3.2.3 large shipping case or crateshipping container con-structed of any material and
13、 of such size and weight to requiremechanical handling. A case or crate of this type may weighfrom 100 lb (45 kg), up to many tons and measure proportion-ately. The case or crate may be secured to or carried by a baseor pallet. Frame members may be provided for rigiditythroughout the container.1Thes
14、e test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published April 2014. Originallyapproved in 1996. L
15、ast previous edition approved in 2007 as D6055 96 (2007)1.DOI: 10.1520/D6055-96R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pa
16、ge onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.4 push-pull attachmenta lift truck attachment used forpush-pull handling products packaged using slip sheets.3.2.5 shipping unitthe smallest complete unit that
17、will besubjected to the distribution environment, for example, ashipping container and its contents.3.2.6 spade lift attachmenta lift truck attachment used fortop handling products packaged in interlocked double-coverboxes or folded cap- or folded flap-style cartons.3.2.7 unitized loadconsists of a
18、number of packages (twoor more) secured together as a shipping unit. These packageswhen unitized typically weigh more than 100 lb (45 kg). Theunitized method may be shrink wrapping, stretch wrapping,banding, strapping, taping, or gluing. A base consisting of apallet or slip sheet may or may not be u
19、sed.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are designed for use in most caseswith the actual equipment to be used in load handling.4.2 These test methods may be used in evaluating theshipping unit as to suitability for mechanical handling bystandard user-specified load-handling equipment.4.3
20、These test methods will allow the user to determineintegrity and stability of the load as well as provide guidanceto improve the design of the unit load where deficiencies arefound.4.4 Damage to products or packages observed during testingmay be expected to correlate at least in a qualitative way to
21、damage observed in actual distribution handling systems.5. Apparatus5.1 Fork Truck Test ApparatusIn performing the forktruck handling test, use an actual lift truck with fork attachmentto lift the shipping unit. The lift truck and blade(s) shall becapable of handling the size and quantity of product
22、s inaccorance with current practice.5.2 Spade Lift Test ApparatusIn performing the spade lifttest, use an actual lift truck with spade lift attachment to lift theshipping unit under the lifting flap. The lift truck and blade(s)must be capable of handling the size and quantity of productsin accordanc
23、e with current practice.5.3 Clamp Lift Handling Test Apparatus In performingthe clamp handling test, use an actual lift truck with theappropriate load clamping device to lift the shipping unit.Provision shall be made to measure the clamp force betweenthe platens using a load cell(s) or other suitabl
24、e device.5.4 Push-Pull Test ApparatusIn performing the push-pulltest, use an actual lift truck with the appropriate gripper jaw forpulling the load by the slip sheet tab onto the load plate.Alternatively, any suitable pulling device equipped with agripper jaw may be used.5.5 Grabhook Test and Sling
25、Test ApparatusIn lifting thecase or crate with grabhooks or slings, a hoist with grabhooksor slings attached is the simplest and easiest, but the test maybe made with a tackle or by lifting the case or crate with jacksand setting it into grabhooks or slings supported by some formof truss.6. Test Spe
26、cimen and Number of Tests6.1 Test several shipping units of a given design, if possible,to obtain replication of results. If in the instance of a number ofcases wrapped or banded together, it is not possible to test anentire unitized load, then sufficient cases should be assembledsuch that the heigh
27、t and one base dimension are nearly thesame as the proposed unitized load. For the clamp, spade lift,or push-pull test, use an entire unitized load. The same case orunitized load may often be used for all applicable tests if nottested to failure. Load the shipping unit for the test with theactual co
28、ntents for which it was designed, or if this is notpossible, with a dummy load simulating such contents in mass,shape, and position in the shipping unit.7. Conditioning7.1 It is recommended that atmospheres for conditioning beselected from those in accordance with Practice D4332. Unlessotherwise spe
29、cified, fiberboard and other paperboard contain-ers shall be preconditioned and conditioned in accordance withthe standard atmosphere specified in Practice D4332.8. Acceptance Criteria8.1 Reference Practice D4169 for acceptance criteria andthe correlation to relative performance criteria.9. Mechanic
30、al Handling Tests with Lift Trucks9.1 Test Method AFork Lift Test Procedure9.1.1 Handling on Test Course:9.1.1.1 Use an actual lift truck equipped with user-specifiedfork attachments. See Annex A1 for recommended standardcourse for lift truck handling tests.9.1.1.2 The operator is to lift and transp
31、ort to each obser-vation point in a manner typical of current practice.9.1.1.3 The minimum number of handlings and fork typeand size shall be specified by the user; however, it should benoted that the effects of temperature and humidity in the testingenvironment may vary greatly and, if so, may affe
32、ct thestrength of the shipping unit. For this reason, it may be usefulto specify the minimum number of handlings based on testperiods representing these extremes.9.1.1.4 Examine the load during and after each test cycle todetermine if failure occurred.9.2 Test Method BSpade Lift Test Procedure:9.2.1
33、 Use an actual lift truck equipped with the spade liftattachment to be used in actual practice. See Annex A1 forrecommended standard course for lift truck handling test.9.2.2 The operator is to engage, lift, and transport the loadto each observation point in a manner typical of currentpractice.9.2.3
34、 If normal handling requirements specify two or moreunits high, the test should be conducted with an equivalent loadon the test specimen. This test can be repeated for a predeter-mined number of handlings or until failure occurs. Theminimum number of handlings required shall be specified byD6055 96
35、(2014)2the user; however, it should be noted that the effects oftemperature and humidity in the testing environment may varygreatly and, if so, will affect the strength of the handling flap.For this reason, it may be useful to specify the minimumnumber of handlings based on test periods representing
36、 theseextremes.9.2.4 Examine the shipping unit during and after the testcycle to determine if failure of the handling flap occurred.9.3 Test Method CClamp Handling Test Procedure:9.3.1 Test the ability of the shipping unit to withstandrepeated side compression using a lift truck equipped withhydraul
37、ic carton clamp or other suitable load clamping device.If the shipping units are normally handled two high, a secondcase or equivalent dummy load should be placed on the unit tobe tested prior to clamping.9.3.2 Provision shall be made for measuring the total forceapplied to the load using a load cel
38、l(s) or other suitable deviceat critical locations.9.3.3 Measure the clamp force between the platen, andrecord the forces measured between the clamps at all theavailable clamp settings (that is, low, medium, and high).9.3.4 When using a single-load cell clamp force indicator tomeasure clamp force fo
39、r articulating clamp, it should bepositioned as follows (see Fig. 1):9.3.4.1 Front to Back Position the load cell so that itscenterline is directly in line with the pivoting axis of the clamparms.9.3.4.2 Top to Bottom Position the load cell so that it isparallel to the clamping cylinders and its cen
40、terline is betweenthe two clamping cylinders.NOTE 1Measurements may be taken with multiple-load cells, wherethe force can be measured at various positions on the clamp at the sametime. This will show the force variations due to camber and toe-in. Thesetwo forces are often overlooked and cause damage
41、 and excessive forces tobe applied to the package being carried.9.3.4.3 When using a single-load cell clamp force indicatorto measure clamp force for non-articulating clamps, positionthe force gages at the center of the clamps.9.3.5 Clamp the package or the shipping unit in a mannertypical of curren
42、t or expected practice starting with the lowestclamp force and increasing the force until load can besuccessfully transported.9.3.5.1 Use the minimum clamp force on the truck to allowrepeated handlings in the particular distribution system, or9.3.5.2 The next highest clamp setting on the truck to al
43、lowrepeated handlings in the particular distribution system.9.3.6 See Annex A1 for recommended standard course forlift truck handling tests.9.3.6.1 The operator is to clamp, lift, and transport to eachobservation point until the course has been completed onecycle.9.3.6.2 If the shipping unit is norm
44、ally clamped from bothdirections, distribute the test cycles accordingly based onprobability of clamping from each direction.9.3.6.3 The minimum number of handlings and platen sizeshall be specified by the user; however, it should be noted thatthe effects of temperature and humidity in the testing e
45、nviron-ment may vary greatly and, if so, may affect the strength of theshipping unit. For this reason, it may be useful to specify theminimum number of handlings based on test periods represent-ing these extremes.9.3.7 Examine the package and product after the test cycleto determine if failure occur
46、red.9.4 Test Method DPush-Pull Handling Procedure:9.4.1 Handling on Test Course:9.4.1.1 Use an actual lift truck equipped with gripper jawfor pulling the load by the slip sheet tab onto the load plate orplatens. See Annex A1 for recommended standard course forlift truck handling tests.9.4.1.2 The op
47、erator is to clamp, lift, and transport to eachobservation point in a manner typical of current practice.9.4.1.3 The minimum number of handlings and platen sizeshall be specified by the user.NOTE 2The effects of temperature and humidity in the testingenvironment may vary greatly and, if so, may affe
48、ct the strength of theshipping unit. For this reason, it may be useful to specify the minimumnumber of handlings based on test periods representing these extremes.9.4.1.4 Examine the load during and after each test cycle todetermine if failure occurred.10. Grabhook and Sling Test Procedures10.1 Test
49、 Method EGrabhook Test Procedures:10.1.1 Close the case or crate fully loaded with the actualcontents or a dummy load of the same total mass anddistribution as for shipment.10.1.2 Grabhooks may consist of one or two pairs depend-ing upon the case or crate dimensions, mass, and design. Pointsof contact for grabhooks may be stenciled on the case or crate.If no marks are shown, then contact may be made by either ofthe following methods:10.1.2.1 One pair of grabhooks at any point (usually thecenter of balance) or10.1.2.2 Two pairs of grabhooks at any
