1、Designation: D6063 11 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Guide forSampling of Drums and Similar Containers by FieldPersonnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6063; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information, including flow charts, forfield personnel to follow in order to collect samples fro
3、mdrums and similar containers.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to help field personnel inplanning and obtaining samples from drums and similarcontainers, using equipment and techniques that will ensurethat the objectives of the sampling activity will be met. It canalso be used as a training tool.1.3
4、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Se
5、e specific warnings in 7.4.3 and 7.4.4.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World
6、Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C783 Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite ElectrodesD1452/D1452M Practice for Soil Exploration and Samplingby Auger BoringsD1586 Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) andSplit-Barrel
7、Sampling of SoilsD1587/D1587M Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling ofFine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site ExplorationD4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring WellsD4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD47
8、00 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-dated SedimentsD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to W
9、aste Management Activities: Quality Assuranceand Quality Control Planning and ImplementationD5358 Practice for Sampling with a Dipper or Pond SamplerD5451 Practice for Sampling Using a Trier SamplerD5495 Practice for Sampling With a Composite LiquidWaste Sampler (COLIWASA)3. Terminology3.1 Definitio
10、ns:3.1.1 bung, nusually a 2-in. (5-cm) or34-in. (1.3-cm)diameter threaded plug, specifically designed to close a bunghole.3.1.2 bung hole, nan opening in a barrel or drum throughwhich it can be filled, emptied, or vented.3.1.3 consolidated solid, nas used in this guide, a compactsolid not easily com
11、pressed or broken into smaller portions.3.1.4 drum, nimplies any drum, barrel, or non-bulk con-tainer of 5 to 110 gal (19 to 400 L) capacity.3.1.5 representative sample, na sample collected such thatit reflects one or more characteristics of interest (as defined bythe project objectives) of the popu
12、lation from which it wascollected.3.1.6 sample, none or more items or portions collectedfrom a lot or population.3.1.7 sampler, nthe device used to obtain a sample.3.1.8 sludge, nas used in this guide, any mixture of solidsthat settles out of solution; sludges contain liquids that are notapparent as
13、 free liquids.3.1.9 unconsolidated solid, nas used in this guide, unce-mented or uncompacted material that is easily separated intosmaller portions.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 onSampling Tec
14、hniques.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6063 11. DOI:10.1520/D6063-11R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
15、For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internati
16、onally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.10 workplans, nplans that are specific to sampli
17、ng at aparticular site; examples are health and safety plans, andsampling and analysis plans.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide uses a decision-tree format to lead personsintending to sample waste materials from drums and similarcontainers through a series of questions. The answers to thequestions re
18、sult in recommended actions, including the selec-tion of appropriate sampling equipment. Brief instructions onthe use of the equipment are included.4.2 This guide addresses commonly used sampling equip-ment and devices; it is not intended to cover all that might bepurchased or custom made.5. Signifi
19、cance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to assist field personnel inobtaining samples from drums and similar containers for fieldand laboratory analysis. The need for accurate data, and thecosts associated with sampling and analysis, make it essentialthat samples be taken correctly before submitting
20、 them forchemical analysis or physical testing, or both. Incorrect sam-pling can invalidate resulting data.5.2 This guide may be used by personnel who have noformal workplan. It draws their attention to issues that must beaddressed before, during, and after taking a sample. It providesguidance in ch
21、oosing the sampling technique and equipmentsuitable for specific situations. It can serve as a training tool forthose who are unfamiliar with sampling. It is recommendedthat this guide be used as a supplement to a written workplan.5.3 Some sections of this guide contain flow charts (seeFigs. 1-5) th
22、at must be worked through, starting from the top ofeach page. By answering the questions in the diamond-shapedboxes, and following the appropriate arrows, the personplanning to sample will be guided toward the most suitableprocedures and equipment. The numbers at the bottom of someboxes refer to cor
23、responding paragraphs in the text, whichprovide information to help the person sampling answer thequestions.NOTE 1This flow chart should be used with Section 6 in the text.FIG. 1 Objectives of SamplingD6063 11 (2018)25.4 Figs. 6-15 are examples of types of equipment. Similardevices that do the same
24、job in the same way are not intendedto be excluded.6. Objectives of Sampling6.1 The purpose of sampling is to collect a representativesample of all or part of the contents of the drum or similarcontainer, to determine the physical and chemical characteris-tics of those contents (see Fig. 1). This in
25、formation may thenbe used to:6.1.1 Select suitable methods of treatment and disposal ofthe contents,6.1.2 Provide evidence for use in a court of law,6.1.3 Comply with regulations, such as those for the trans-portation of hazardous materials,6.1.4 Confirm that the drums contain what is written on the
26、label, manifest, or other type of documentation, and6.1.5 Find out if any drums in a lot contain differentmaterials from the majority.6.2 In most cases, there is a written plan that describes thework to be done (Guide D4687). In other cases, there is nowritten plan and the instructions are only verb
27、al.6.3 If the objectives of sampling are unclear or unknown tothe field personnel, they should question their supervisor orproject manager about the objectives. Well-informed fieldpersonnel are then alert to unforeseen circumstances or eventsthat might invalidate the samples.7. Pre-Sampling Inspecti
28、on7.1 Information about the contents of the drums may beavailable from (see Fig. 2):7.1.1 Previous analysis of drum contents from the samesource,7.1.2 The supplier/source of the material in the drums,7.1.3 Manifest (shipping) documents,7.1.4 Labels and other markings on the drums, or7.1.5 Knowledge
29、of the waste-generating process.NOTE 1This flow chart should be used with 7.1 7.3 in the text.FIG. 2 Pre-Sampling InspectionD6063 11 (2018)37.2 Personnel doing the pre-sampling and sampling must beaware of any special procedures that are to be followed at agiven site. Workplans include a worker heal
30、th and safetysection because there are potential hazards associated withopening drums, as well as with potentially hazardouscontents.3,4Examples of special procedures are change ofclothing, use of safety equipment of various kinds, evacuationprocedures, fire and explosion procedures, and vehicle cle
31、aningprocedures such as water washing before leaving the site orstorage area, and many others that would be site or storagespecific.7.3 If you are certain that the drum does not containradioactive material and the workplan does not require you tocheck for radioactivity, proceed to 7.4.7.3.1 Many fac
32、ilities are not licensed to handle radioactivematerials and are legally obliged to prove that they do notknowingly accept them. Some facilities are licensed to handleradioactive materials; they need to have a measure of howradioactive the material is for the safety of their workers.7.3.2 Hand-held m
33、onitors that check for radioactivityshould always be used if you suspect that radioactive materialmight be present or if the workplan requires it. It is importantthat the monitor has been calibrated correctly, according to themanufacturers instructions. Monitoring should be done onlyby those with th
34、e appropriate written procedures, training, andequipment.3Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites, EPA/600/2-86/013,January 1986.4Field Sampling Procedures Manual, New Jersey Department of EnvironmentalProtection, Division of Remedial Support, August 2005 (available online).NOTE 1This flow
35、chart should be used with 7.3 7.5 in the text.FIG. 2 Pre-Sampling Inspection (continued)D6063 11 (2018)47.3.3 It is prudent to monitor a storage area before enteringit. If radioactive material is found to be present when it shouldnot be, leave the area immediately, post warning signs to alertother w
36、orkers, and consult your supervisor.7.4 Drums may contain flammable materials, strong oxidiz-ers or reducing materials, light-sensitive materials, corrosiveacids or bases, and materials sensitive to moisture ormovement, or both. All of these drums require specialhandling, including segregation, when
37、 possible.7.4.1 Many solvents, like benzene, evaporate into airspacein and around the drum where the vapor may be easily ignited.7.4.2 If you are sampling a potentially flammable or un-known material, non-sparking tools should be used and thedrums should be grounded.7.4.3 If the drums are stored in
38、a closed room or confinedspace, the air in the area should be tested by a hand-heldmonitor to check for flammable vapors. It is important that themonitor has been calibrated according to the manufacturersinstructions. The monitoring should be done by those with theappropriate training and written pr
39、ocedures. (WarningFlammable materials should be sampled in a well-ventilatedarea. There are other safety considerations that must beconsidered regarding confined spaces. It may be necessary tocheck for explosivity or oxygen levels.)7.4.4 Labels on drums of waste materials may not beaccurate. Unless
40、the drums come from a reliable source, that is,the generator of the material and the process that created thewaste are known to you, it is prudent to assume that the labelsNOTE 1This flow chart should be used with 7.6 7.8 in the text.FIG. 2 Pre-Sampling Inspection (continued)D6063 11 (2018)5may not
41、match the contents. (WarningAttempting to open adrum that is in poor condition can expose a worker to thepossibility of a serious, even fatal, accident. Special precau-tions should be taken when the bungs are rusted or corrodedsince the drum top may give way, exposing the worker to vaporor liquid. O
42、verpacking before sampling should be consideredfor drums in poor condition.)7.5 It is not always necessary to sample every drum in a lot.The workplans provide direction as to how many, and possiblywhich, drums should be sampled. Each drum that will besampled must be identified in a unique way in cas
43、e a secondsample has to be taken later. Colored labels, crayons, paintsticks or pens, or stenciled paint can be used to identify drums.Any new identification system should not cover the existinglabels or identifiers.7.6 Sometimes drums have to be moved to another locationfor sampling; this is known
44、as “drum staging.” This is requiredif:7.6.1 Sampling the drum in its present location poses a highrisk to surrounding property or individuals, or both,7.6.2 The drum cannot be accessed for sampling in itscurrent location, or7.6.3 Exposure to climatic conditions alter the sample, forexample, formatio
45、n of ice; or create a health and safety risk, forexample, the sun heating a drum containing solvents.7.7 The physical condition of drums must be evaluatedbefore attempting to open or move them (see warning in 7.4.4).Drum carriers, which lock on the drum lip, should not be usedto move the drum if the
46、 condition is poor.NOTE 1This flow chart should be used with 8.1 8.5 to in the text.FIG. 3 Selection of Suitable Sampling ProcedureD6063 11 (2018)67.8 Materials in layers, such as oil with water, can becomemixed together when moved. If you want to sample each layerseparately, the material may need t
47、ime to settle before openingand sampling the drum.8. Selection of Suitable Sampling Procedure8.1 The physical state(s) of the material(s) being sampled isan important criterion when sampling (see Fig. 3).8.2 A drum containing one liquid, such as water, or amixture of liquids, such as a stable emulsi
48、on like hand cream,that does not separate into two layers regardless of time, is saidto contain one phase.Adrum containing two liquids such as oiland water, which form two distinct layers when they are notstirred, is said to contain two phases.8.3 When it is necessary to know the amounts of solid an
49、dliquid layers in a drum, a calibrated measuring device or thesampling equipment (for example, a COLIWASA) can beinserted into the opened drum (see Section 12) and the liquidlevel measured.8.4 Although sludges behave like sticky solids and are notusually pumped, they can contain quite a high proportion ofliquids, such as oil or water, which is not visible as free liquid.8.5 An unconsolidated solid is a material like sand or apowder. A consolidated solid consists of material like sand-stone or concrete.8.5.1 A drum containing mixed materials, such
