1、Designation: D 6082 06An American National StandardStandard Test Method forHigh Temperature Foaming Characteristics of LubricatingOils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6082; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determin-ing the foaming characteristics of lub
3、ricating oils (specificallytransmission fluid and motor oil) at 150C.1.2 Foaming characteristics of lubricating oils at tempera-tures up to 93.5C are determined by Test Method D 892 orIP 146.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included i
4、n thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5、2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubri-cating OilsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE 128 Test Method for Maximum Pore Diameter and Per-meability of Rigid Porous Filters for Laboratory UseE 1272 Specification for Laborato
6、ry Glass Graduated Cyl-inders2.2 Energy Institute Standards:3IP146 Standard Method of Test for Foaming Characteristicsof Lubricating Oils3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 diffuser, nfor gas, a device for dispersing gas into aliquid (Test Method D 892).3.1.1.1 DiscussionAlthough diffusers can be ma
7、de ofeither metallic or non-metallic materials, in this test method thediffuser is sintered stainless steel.3.1.2 entrained air (or gas), nin liquids, a two-phasemixture of air (or gas) dispersed in a liquid in which the liquidis the major component on a volumetric basis.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe air (o
8、r gas) is in the form ofdiscrete bubbles of about 10 to 1000 m in diameter. Thebubbles are not uniformly dispersed. In time, they rise to thesurface to coalesce to form larger bubbles which break or formfoam. Subsurface coalescence can also occur, in which case,the bubbles will rise more rapidly.3.1
9、.3 foam, nin liquids, a collection of bubbles formed inor on the surface of a liquid in which the air or gas is the majorcomponent on a volumetric basis.3.1.4 gas, na fluid (such as air) that has neither indepen-dent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely.3.1.5 lubricant, nany material in
10、terposed between twosurfaces that reduces friction or wear between them.3.1.5.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the lubricant is anoil which may or may not contain additives such as foaminhibitors.3.1.6 maximum pore diameter, nin gas diffusion, thediameter of a capillary of circular cross-section whi
11、ch isequivalent (with respect to surface tension effects) to thelargest pore of the diffuser under consideration. The poredimension is expressed in micrometers (m).3.1.7 permeability, nin gas diffusion, the rate of a sub-stance that passes through a material (diffuser) under givenconditions.1This te
12、st method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.06 on Analysis of Lubricants.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2006. Published September 2006. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved i
13、n 2001 as D 608201.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New C
14、avendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.
15、1 bottom volumethe volume of liquid sample, that is,sample substantially free of air, at any given time during thetest.3.2.2 collapse time, nin foam testing, the time in seconds,for zero foam to appear after the air is disconnected at the endof the five minute air blowing time.3.2.3 dynamic bubble,
16、nthe first bubble to pass throughand escape from the diffuser followed by a continuous succes-sion of bubbles when testing for the pore diameter in AnnexA1.3.2.3.1 DiscussionWhen a diffuser is immersed in a liquidsuch as propan-2-ol, air can be trapped in the pores. It canescape eventually or as soo
17、n as a pressure is applied to thediffuser. When testing for pore diameter (Annex A1), theescape of such bubbles is to be ignored.3.2.4 foam stability, nin foam testing, the amount of staticfoam remaining at specified times following the disconnectingof the air supply.3.2.4.1 five-second foam stabili
18、tythe amount of staticfoam present 5 s after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.4.2 fifteen-second foam stabilitythe amount of staticfoam present 15 s after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.4.3 one-minute foam stabilitythe amount of staticfoam present 1 min after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.4.4 f
19、ive-minute foam stabilitythe amount of staticfoam present 5 min after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.4.5 ten-minute foam stabilitythe amount of staticfoam present 10 min after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.5 foaming tendency, nin foam testing, the amount ofstatic foam immediately before the ces
20、sation of air flow.3.2.6 kinetic foam, nentrained air that has been created bythe passage of air through the diffuser during the test (see Fig.1).3.2.6.1 DiscussionBecause the process of passing airthrough the diffuser and the oil sample during the test hasresulted in an increase in volume and becau
21、se such entrainedair can be considered as foam on its way to being made, theterm kinetic foam has been introduced.3.2.7 percent volume increase, nin foam testing, theincrease in total volume expressed as a percentage of the initialtotal volume with diffuser in place at test temperature.3.2.8 static
22、foam, nfoam that has been created by thepassage of air through the diffuser during the test (see Fig. 1).3.2.9 top volume, nthe volume of the foam (if any),liquid, diffuser, and the submersed portion of the delivery tube(see Fig. 1).3.2.10 total volume, nin foam testing, the volume offoam, liquid, d
23、iffuser, and submersed portion of delivery tube(see Fig. 1).3.2.10.1 initial total volume (V1), nin foam testing, thevolume of the foam, liquid, diffuser, and submersed portion ofthe delivery tube at test temperature prior to connecting the airsupply.3.2.10.2 final total volume (V2), nin foam testin
24、g, thevolume of the foam, liquid, diffuser, and submersed portion ofthe delivery tube just before disconnecting the air supply.3.2.11 zero foam, nin foam testing, occurs when anyportion of the top surface of the liquid is free of bubbles.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A measured quantity of sample is
25、heated to 49C for 30min and allowed to cool to room temperature. The sample istransferred to a 1000 mL graduated cylinder, heated to 150C,and aerated at 200 mL/min with dry air for 5 min with a metaldiffuser. The amount of foam generated before disconnectingthe air, the amount of static foam at opti
26、onal times afterdisconnecting the air (list of options in Section 10); and theFIG. 1 Terminology DiagramD6082062time for the foam to collapse are measured and the percentincrease in total volume calculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 The tendency of oils to foam at high temperature can bea serious pr
27、oblem in systems such as high-speed gearing, highvolume pumping, and splash lubrication. Foaming can causeinadequate lubrication, cavitation, and loss of lubricant due tooverflow, and these events can lead to mechanical failure.5.2 Correlation between the amount of foam created or thetime for foam t
28、o collapse, or both, and actual lubrication failurehas not been established. Such relations should be empiricallydetermined for foam sensitive applications.6. Apparatus6.1 Heating Bath, any heating system capable of maintain-ing a sample temperature of 150 6 1C (see Fig. 2).NOTE 1The precision of th
29、is test method was determined using onlyliquid baths.6.1.1 Heating Transfer Fluid, any liquid with low volatility,at the test temperature, chemical stability and sufficient lowviscosity to permit stirring.NOTE 2A4to7mm2/s (cSt) polyalphaolefin has been found to be asuitable fluid. Silicone fluids ar
30、e foam inhibitors and their use may alterthe foam characteristics of the test sample and should be discouraged.NOTE 3Aslow purge of nitrogen gas through the fluid, or as a blanketover the bath fluid, reduces darkening (oxidation) of the bath fluid.6.2 Foaming Test Apparatus, 1000-mL graduated cylind
31、er(of cylinders meeting Specification E 1272 Class B tolerancerequirement of 66 mL and having at least graduations of 10mL), fitted with a device to overcome buoyancy if a liquid bathis used and modified to have a circular top. It shall be capableof withstanding the extreme temperature conditions of
32、 this testmethod.NOTE 4It may be necessary to confirm the volume of the cylinder.NOTE 5A heavy metal ring large enough to fit over the outside andrest on the bottom of the cylinder has been found to be suitable toovercome buoyancy.NOTE 6Graduated cylinders having a pouring spout can be preparedfor t
33、his test method by making a horizontal cut below the spout andremoving the part above the cut. The cut edges of the cylinder should befire-polished or smoothed by grinding.6.3 Flow Meter and Regulator, calibrated and capable ofmaintaining air flow volume of 200 6 5 mL/min.6.3.1 Agas volume meter gra
34、duated in hundredths of a litre,or a technically equivalent flow measuring device, with suffi-cient capacity to measure a flow rate of at least 6000 mL/min,while generating a back pressure of no more than 10 mm ofwater, is required.6.4 Laboratory Oven, without fan, capable of maintaining49 6 1C.FIG.
35、 2 Typical Liquid BathD60820636.5 Stirrer, capable of 500 rpm 6 100 rpm, fitted with a112-in., 3-blade, 1.5-pitch marine propeller.6.6 Stainless Steel Diffuser, 5 m stainless steel diffusermeeting the specifications of pore size 15 to 60 m andpermeability between 3000 to 6000 mL/min when testedaccor
36、ding to the method given in Annex A1 (see Fig. 3).6.6.1 Calibration verification of new diffusers and calibra-tion after each set (10 samples or less) of evaluations isrequired.6.7 Thermometer, or other temperature sensing device ca-pable of measuring 150 6 0.2C. An ASTM thermometerSpecification E1N
37、o. 41C-86, or equivalent, is suitable.6.8 Timing Device, capable of measuring minutes and sec-onds (61 s).6.9 High Speed Blender, with a container capacity of onelitre, capable of maintaining a speed of 22 000 rpm (62000).7. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all t
38、ests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications are available.4Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientl
39、yhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.7.2 Acetone,(WarningExtremely flammable. Vaporsmay cause flash fire.)7.3 Compressed Air, hydrocarbon free and dry to a dewpoint of 60C or lower.7.4 Heptane,(WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful.)7.5 Propan-2-ol,(WarningFlam
40、mable. Vapor harmful.)7.6 Toluene,(WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful.)NOTE 7Solvents with equivalent cleaning characteristics can besubstituted for toluene.4Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents
41、 notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.FIG. 3 Gas Diffuser and Air Tube DimensionsD60820648. Hazards8.
42、1 (WarningUsers of this test method shall be fullytrained and familiar with all normal laboratory practice, orunder the immediate supervision of such a person. It is theresponsibility of the operator to ensure that all local legislativeand statutory requirements are met.)8.2 (WarningCleaning solvent
43、s have flash points lowerthan usual laboratory ambient temperatures. Avoid the possi-bility of a fire or explosion.)8.3 (WarningThe fumes from the test oil and bath mustbe vented in a manner compatible with local environmentalregulations.)8.4 (WarningSome apparatus assemblies can have asmuch as 20 L
44、 of bath oil at 150C. Therefore, in the event ofa breakage of the containing vessel, suitable containment of thespill is advisable.)9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Thorough cleansing of the test cylinder, gas diffuser, andair-inlet tube is essential after each use to remove any additiveremaining from
45、 previous tests which can seriously interferewith results of subsequent tests.9.1.1 CylinderRinse the cylinder with heptane(WarningFlammable.Vapor harmful), followed by directinga current of compressed air into the cylinder. Wash the cylinderwith a suitable detergent. Rinse the cylinder in turn with
46、distilled water, then acetone (WarningExtremely flam-mable. Vapors may cause flash fire), and dry with a current ofcompressed air or in a drying oven. Interior cylinder walls thatdrain distilled water cleanly, that is without drops forming, areadequately cleaned.NOTE 8Certain detergents are notoriou
47、s for adhering to glass, there-fore it is important to realize that such a circumstance can affect the testresult. Several rinsings with water and acetone may be required.9.1.2 Gas Diffuser and Air TubeClean the gas diffuser bywashing it with toluene (WarningFlammable. Vapor harm-ful) and heptane. I
48、mmerse the gas diffuser in about 300 mL oftoluene. Flush a portion of the toluene back and forth throughthe gas diffuser at least five times with vacuum and airpressure. Repeat the process with heptane. After the finalwashing, dry both tube and gas diffuser thoroughly by forcingclean air through the
49、m. Wipe the outside of the air-inlet tubefirst with toluene, then with a clean cloth moistened withheptane, and finally with a clean dry cloth. Do not wipe thediffuser.NOTE 9Certain samples may contain ingredients which may not beadequately removed by this process and, because these can affect the nexttest, more rigorous cleaning may be required; this is recommended. Whenalternate diffuser cleaning methods are used certain cautions should beobserved: (1) Non-metallic diffusers may have absorbed as well asadsorbed th
