1、Designation: D6082 11Standard Test Method forHigh Temperature Foaming Characteristics of LubricatingOils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6082; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determin-ing the foaming characteristics of lubricating oils (specificallytrans
3、mission fluid and motor oil) at 150C.1.2 Foaming characteristics of lubricating oils at tempera-tures up to 93.5C are determined by Test Method D892 orIP 146.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 WARNINGMercury
4、 has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the app
5、licable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.5 This standard does not purpo
6、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D892
7、 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat-ing OilsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE128 Test Method for Maximum Pore Diameter and Per-meability of Rigid Porous Filters for Laboratory UseE1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-ders2.2 Energy Institute
8、Standards:3IP146 Standard Method of Test for Foaming Characteristicsof Lubricating Oils3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 diffuser, nfor gas, a device for dispersing gas into aliquid (Test Method D892).3.1.1.1 DiscussionAlthough diffusers can be made ofeither metallic or non-metallic materials, in
9、this test method thediffuser is sintered stainless steel.3.1.2 entrained air (or gas), nin liquids, a two-phasemixture of air (or gas) dispersed in a liquid in which the liquidis the major component on a volumetric basis.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe air (or gas) is in the form ofdiscrete bubbles of about 1
10、0 to 1000 m in diameter. Thebubbles are not uniformly dispersed. In time, they rise to thesurface to coalesce to form larger bubbles which break or formfoam. Subsurface coalescence can also occur, in which case,the bubbles will rise more rapidly.3.1.3 foam, nin liquids, a collection of bubbles forme
11、d inor on the surface of a liquid in which the air or gas is the majorcomponent on a volumetric basis.3.1.4 gas, na fluid (such as air) that has neither indepen-dent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely.3.1.5 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces friction
12、or wear between them.3.1.5.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the lubricant is anoil which may or may not contain additives such as foaminhibitors.3.1.6 maximum pore diameter, nin gas diffusion, thediameter of a capillary of circular cross-section which isequivalent (with respect to surface tension ef
13、fects) to thelargest pore of the diffuser under consideration. The poredimension is expressed in micrometers (m).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.06 on Analysis of Lubricants.Curr
14、ent edition approved July 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D608206. DOI:10.1520/D6082-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of A
15、STMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International,
16、100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.7 permeability, nin gas diffusion, the rate of a sub-stance that passes through a material (diffuser) under givenconditions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bottom volume, nthe volume of l
17、iquid sample, thatis, sample substantially free of air, at any given time during thetest.3.2.2 collapse time, nin foam testing, the time in seconds,for zero foam to appear after the air is disconnected at the endof the five minute air blowing time.3.2.3 dynamic bubble, nthe first bubble to pass thro
18、ughand escape from the diffuser followed by a continuous succes-sion of bubbles when testing for the pore diameter in AnnexA1.3.2.3.1 DiscussionWhen a diffuser is immersed in a liquidsuch as propan-2-ol, air can be trapped in the pores. It canescape eventually or as soon as a pressure is applied to
19、thediffuser. When testing for pore diameter (Annex A1), theescape of such bubbles is to be ignored.3.2.4 foam stability, nin foam testing, the amount of staticfoam remaining at specified times following the disconnectingof the air supply.3.2.4.1 five-second foam stability, nthe amount of staticfoam
20、present 5 s after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.4.2 fifteen-second foam stability, nthe amount of staticfoam present 15 s after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.4.3 one-minute foam stability, nthe amount of staticfoam present 1 min after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.4.4 five-minute foam stabi
21、lity, nthe amount of staticfoam present 5 min after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.4.5 ten-minute foam stability, nthe amount of staticfoam present 10 min after disconnecting the air supply.3.2.5 foaming tendency, nin foam testing, the amount ofstatic foam immediately before the cessation of air f
22、low.3.2.6 kinetic foam, nentrained air that has been created bythe passage of air through the diffuser during the test (see Fig.1).3.2.6.1 DiscussionBecause the process of passing airthrough the diffuser and the oil sample during the test hasresulted in an increase in volume and because such entrain
23、edair can be considered as foam on its way to being made, theterm kinetic foam has been introduced.3.2.7 percent volume increase, nin foam testing, theincrease in total volume expressed as a percentage of the initialtotal volume with diffuser in place at test temperature.3.2.8 static foam, nfoam tha
24、t has been created by thepassage of air through the diffuser during the test (see Fig. 1).3.2.9 top volume, nthe volume of the foam (if any),liquid, diffuser, and the submersed portion of the delivery tube(see Fig. 1).3.2.10 total volume, nin foam testing, the volume offoam, liquid, diffuser, and su
25、bmersed portion of delivery tube(see Fig. 1).3.2.10.1 initial total volume (V1), nin foam testing, thevolume of the foam, liquid, diffuser, and submersed portion ofthe delivery tube at test temperature prior to connecting the airsupply.3.2.10.2 final total volume (V2), nin foam testing, thevolume of
26、 the foam, liquid, diffuser, and submersed portion ofthe delivery tube just before disconnecting the air supply.3.2.11 zero foam, nin foam testing, occurs when anyportion of the top surface of the liquid is free of bubbles.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A measured quantity of sample is heated to 49C f
27、or 30min and allowed to cool to room temperature. The sample istransferred to a 1000 mL graduated cylinder, heated to 150C,and aerated at 200 mL/min with dry air for 5 min with a metalFIG. 1 Terminology DiagramD6082 112diffuser. The amount of foam generated before disconnectingthe air, the amount of
28、 static foam at optional times afterdisconnecting the air (list of options in Section 10); and thetime for the foam to collapse are measured and the percentincrease in total volume calculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 The tendency of oils to foam at high temperature can bea serious problem in syste
29、ms such as high-speed gearing, highvolume pumping, and splash lubrication. Foaming can causeinadequate lubrication, cavitation, and loss of lubricant due tooverflow, and these events can lead to mechanical failure.5.2 Correlation between the amount of foam created or thetime for foam to collapse, or
30、 both, and actual lubrication failurehas not been established. Such relations should be empiricallydetermined for foam sensitive applications.6. Apparatus6.1 Heating Bath, any heating system capable of maintain-ing a sample temperature of 150 6 1C (see Fig. 2).NOTE 1The precision of this test method
31、 was determined using onlyliquid baths.6.1.1 Heating Transfer Fluid, any liquid with low volatility,at the test temperature, chemical stability and sufficient lowviscosity to permit stirring.NOTE 2A4to7mm2/s (cSt) polyalphaolefin has been found to be asuitable fluid. Silicone fluids are foam inhibit
32、ors and their use may alterthe foam characteristics of the test sample and should be discouraged.NOTE 3Aslow purge of nitrogen gas through the fluid, or as a blanketover the bath fluid, reduces darkening (oxidation) of the bath fluid.6.2 Foaming Test Apparatus, 1000-mL graduated cylinder(of cylinder
33、s meeting Specification E1272 Class B tolerancerequirement of 66 mL and having at least graduations of 10mL), fitted with a device to overcome buoyancy if a liquid bathis used and modified to have a circular top. It shall be capableof withstanding the extreme temperature conditions of this testmetho
34、d.NOTE 4It may be necessary to confirm the volume of the cylinder.NOTE 5A heavy metal ring large enough to fit over the outside andrest on the bottom of the cylinder has been found to be suitable toovercome buoyancy.NOTE 6Graduated cylinders having a pouring spout can be preparedfor this test method
35、 by making a horizontal cut below the spout andremoving the part above the cut. The cut edges of the cylinder should beFIG. 2 Typical Liquid BathD6082 113fire-polished or smoothed by grinding.6.3 Flow Meter and Regulator, calibrated and capable ofmaintaining air flow volume of 200 6 5 mL/min.6.3.1 A
36、gas volume meter graduated in hundredths of a litre,or a technically equivalent flow measuring device, with suffi-cient capacity to measure a flow rate of at least 6000 mL/min,while generating a back pressure of no more than 10 mm ofwater, is required.6.4 Laboratory Oven, without fan, capable of mai
37、ntaining49 6 1C.6.5 Stirrer, capable of 500 rpm 6 100 rpm, fitted with a3.81 cm, 3-blade, 1.5-pitch marine propeller.6.6 Stainless Steel Diffuser, 5 m stainless steel diffusermeeting the specifications of pore size 15 to 60 m andpermeability between 3000 to 6000 mL/min when testedaccording to the me
38、thod given in Annex A1 (see Fig. 3).6.6.1 Calibration verification of new diffusers and calibra-tion after each set (10 samples or less) of evaluations isrequired.6.7 Thermometer, or other temperature sensing device ca-pable of measuring 150 6 0.2C. An ASTM thermometerSpecification E1 No. 41C-86, or
39、 equivalent, is suitable.6.8 Timing Device, capable of measuring minutes and sec-onds (61 s).6.9 High Speed Blender, with a container capacity of onelitre, capable of maintaining a speed of 22 000 rpm (62000).7. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless
40、otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications are available.4Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity
41、to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.7.2 Acetone,(WarningExtremely flammable. Vaporsmay cause flash fire.)4Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by th
42、e American Chemical Society, see Annual Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.FIG. 3 Gas Diffuser and Air Tube DimensionsD6082 1147.3 Compressed Air, hydroca
43、rbon free and dry to a dewpoint of 60C or lower.7.4 Heptane,(WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful.)7.5 Propan-2-ol,(WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful.)7.6 Toluene,(WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful.)NOTE 7Solvents with equivalent cleaning characteristics can besubstituted for toluene.8. Hazards8.1 (WarningUs
44、ers of this test method shall be fullytrained and familiar with all normal laboratory practice, orunder the immediate supervision of such a person. It is theresponsibility of the operator to ensure that all local legislativeand statutory requirements are met.)8.2 (WarningCleaning solvents have flash
45、 points lowerthan usual laboratory ambient temperatures. Avoid the possi-bility of a fire or explosion.)8.3 (WarningThe fumes from the test oil and bath mustbe vented in a manner compatible with local environmentalregulations.)8.4 (WarningSome apparatus assemblies can have asmuch as 20 L of bath oil
46、 at 150C. Therefore, in the event ofa breakage of the containing vessel, suitable containment of thespill is advisable.)9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Thorough cleansing of the test cylinder, gas diffuser, andair-inlet tube is essential after each use to remove any additiveremaining from previous te
47、sts which can seriously interferewith results of subsequent tests.9.1.1 CylinderRinse the cylinder with heptane(WarningFlammable.Vapor harmful), followed by directinga current of compressed air into the cylinder. Wash the cylinderwith a suitable detergent. Rinse the cylinder in turn withdistilled wa
48、ter, then acetone (WarningExtremely flam-mable. Vapors may cause flash fire), and dry with a current ofcompressed air or in a drying oven. Interior cylinder walls thatdrain distilled water cleanly, that is without drops forming, areadequately cleaned.NOTE 8Certain detergents are notorious for adheri
49、ng to glass, there-fore it is important to realize that such a circumstance can affect the testresult. Several rinsings with water and acetone may be required.9.1.2 Gas Diffuser and Air TubeClean the gas diffuser bywashing it with toluene (WarningFlammable. Vapor harm-ful) and heptane. Immerse the gas diffuser in about 300 mL oftoluene. Flush a portion of the toluene back and forth throughthe gas diffuser at least five times with vacuum and airpressure. Repeat the process with heptane. After the finalwashing,
