1、Designation: D6092 14Standard Practice forSpecifying Standard Sizes of Stone for Erosion Control1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6092; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers size designations and maximumranges in mass or gradation for standard sizes for riprap, spalls,or bedding, or b
3、oth, used for slope protection of damembankments, streambank erosion control, bridge piers andabutments. Sizes used for outer harbor structures such asbreakwalls, revetments, confined diked disposal structures(heretofore described as armor stone, cover stone, or dimensionstone) for which stone sizes
4、 range between 5 and 25 tons, orthat require cut dimensions for layed-up structures are beyondthe scope of this practice.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information
5、onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limi
6、tations prior to use.1.4 This practice offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this pra
7、ctice may be applicable inall circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended torepresent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norshould this document be applied without consideration of aprojects many unique aspects. The word “Standa
8、rd” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD4992 Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used forErosion ControlD5519 Test Metho
9、ds for Particle Size Analysis of Naturaland Man-Made Riprap MaterialsE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of common technical termsin this practice, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.
10、2.1 filter/bedding stone/spallsstone, filter stone consist-ing of crushed stone ranging in size from minus 2.0 in. (50mm) to No. 100 (150 m) and bedding stone, often referred toas “spalls,” consisting of crushed stone ranging in size fromminus 612 in. (163 mm) to No. 16 (1.18 mm). Filter andbedding
11、may be placed in two layers prior to the riprapplacement, that is, a filter layer 8 to 10 in. (200 to 250 mm)thick and a bedding layer of 6 to 8 in. (150 to 200 mm) thick.3.2.2 geotextilessuitable geotextile fabrics that meet thedesign requirements may be used instead of, or in conjunctionwith, the
12、above filter/bedding stone. Suitable cover thicknessmay be required.3.2.3 gradationthe proportions by mass of stones distrib-uted within specified ranges between maximum and minimumlimits.3.2.4 prolate spherea spheroid in which the polar axis isgreater than the equatorial diameter.3.2.5 riprapstone
13、materials generally less than 3000 lb inmass (1400 kg), specially selected and graded, and when1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for ErosionControl.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Publ
14、ished March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6092 97 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/D6092-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
15、 refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1properly placed prevents erosion through minor wave acti
16、on,or strong currents and thereby preserves the shape of a surface,slope, or the underlying structure.3.2.6 standard size designationone of a group of stoneswith specified gradation limits.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The design team shall establish the size and mass ofgraded quarry stone using accepta
17、ble design criteria. If designcriteria and economic factors permit, standard gradationsshown in Tables 1 and 2 should be selected. If using standardsizes, the design team shall select the appropriate gradation;this might require selecting the next larger size, therebycreating an over-designed struct
18、ure, but one which is economi-cally a cheaper structure. Added cost may result due to theincreased volume of stone required, and in transporting andplacing the additional stone at the project site. The costeffectiveness of using “standard grading” versus “non-standardgrading” always should be evalua
19、ted, and standard gradingsused whenever possible.5. Significance and Use5.1 The standard size designations listed in this practice areprovided so that the design team, consumer, and the producerhave a common reference in sizing stone materials used inerosion control. The design team should assign a
20、materialssurvey, and rock quality testing series to determine whichquarry sources may have suitable in-place rock and performsuitable blasting and processing procedures to produce therequired gradations. The design team must recognize the factthat not all sources are capable of or willing to produce
21、 therequired gradations. Only those sources listed by the designteam should be considered for construction of the project.5.2 The standard size designations provided in this guide aresuitable for protective surfacing and structures designed forerosion control. These sizes are for typical structures
22、such asjetties, revetments, groin baffles, bulkheads, lining fordrainage/irrigation ditches and for intake or outlet facilities,bridges and stream channel banks, gabions, and slope protec-tion for earth embankment and rock-fill dams.5.3 The design selection of stone sizes, durability,placement, filt
23、er/bedding materials, or geotextiles, steepness ofslopes for placement, and layer thickness are beyond the scopeof this guide.6. Manufacture6.1 The standard size designations of quarried stone forerosion control in this guide may be produced by any suitablecommercial quarrying method, and by the use
24、 of any type ofsizing device, shape or size of plant grizzly or screen openings,or combinations thereof, necessary to produce the requiredsizes within the gradation limits specified in Section 7.6.2 Stones shall be hard, angular to subangular, and of suchquality that they will not disintegrate on ex
25、posure to water orweathering during the designed life of the structure. The stoneshall be free from fractures, shale partings, deleteriousmaterials, and overburden soil. The design team shall specifyacceptance criteria based on the requirements for the individualTABLE 1 Standard Sizes for RiprapASiz
26、e Designation R-1500 R-700 R-300 R-150 R-60 R-20Particle MassPercent Lighter Than the Mass SpecifiedCPounds (Kilograms)B3000 (1400) 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1500 (680) 50 to 100 100 . . . . . . . . . . . .1000 (450) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700 (320) 15 to 50 50 to 100 100 . . . .
27、. . . . .500 (230) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 (140) . . . 15 to 50 50 to 100 100 . . . . . .250 (110) 0to15 . . . . .150 (68) . . . . . . 15 to 50 50 to 100 100 . . .60 (27) . . . 0 to 15 . . . 15 to 50 50 to 100 . . .45 (20) . . 0to15 . . 10030 (14) . . . . 15to50 .20 (9.1) . . . 0to15
28、. 50to10010 (4.5) . . . . 0to15 15to502 (0.9) . . . . . 0to15ARevised Nov 14, 1995, and modified to conform to the gradations proposed by the producers and the National Crushed Stone Association.BRounded to two figures from conversion of inch-pound (U.S. Customary) units.CEstablished by determining
29、the mass of the individual stone particles.TABLE 2 Standard Sizes for Spalls and Filter/Bedding StoneSize DesignationFS-3SpallsFS-2BeddingFS-1BeddingSieve SizesPercent Finer by WeightAlternativeAStandardA612 in. 163 mm 100 . . . . . .412 in. 113 mm 85 to 100 . . . . . .212 in. 63mm 15to50 . .2 in. 5
30、0 mm . . . 100 . . .34 in. 19.5 mm . . . 85 to 100 . . .38 in. 9.5mm . . 100No. 4 4.75 mm . . . 15 to 50 85 to 100No. 16 1.18 mm 0 to 15 . . . . . .No. 30 600 m . . . . . . 15 to 50No. 100 150 m . . . . . . 0 to 15ASieve sizes in this table are designated by Specification E11 up to the 212 in. (63mm
31、) size. Specification E11 addresses neither the 412 in. (113 mm) nor the 612 in.(163 mm) sizes; however, consistent nomenclature is used for those sizes.D6092 142project. Additional guidance may be found in Practice D4992and Test Methods D5519.7. Standard Sizes7.1 Standard size designations of stone
32、 for erosion controlare defined on the basis of mass or equivalent sieve size. Thesizes are separated into riprap R-1500 through R-20, spallsFS-3 and filter/bedding stone FS-2 and FS-11.7.1.1 Graded riprap sizes are shown in Table 1, and arebased on mass. Graded spalls and filter/bedding stone sizes
33、 areshown in Table 2, and are based on alternative sieve sizes.7.1.2 Equivalent dimensions are not shown. Any calculateddimensions would have to assume shapes such as a cube, asphere, a prolate sphere, or a combination of shapes. Table 3provides additional information on converting to approximatedim
34、ensions for graded stone.7.1.3 Gradation curves for each stone size are presented inFigs. 1-9.7.1.3.1 Gradation curves for riprap are presented in Figs.1-6.7.1.3.2 Gradation curves for spalls and filter/bedding stoneare presented in Figs. 7-9.7.2 The stone shall be reasonably well-graded and fallwit
35、hin the limits of the gradation curve for each size designa-tion. Gradation test results that begin on the coarse side of thecurve and end up on the fine side of the curve are consideredas “skip-graded” and will not be accepted.8. Keywords8.1 erosion control; filter/bedding stone; gradation; quarrie
36、dstone; riprap; standard size designationTABLE 3 Effect of Specific Gravity on the Mass of Stone of Various ShapesMaximumDimensionCube SphereSpecific Gravity Specific Gravityin. (cm)A2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75 2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75Approximate Mass of Stone, lb (kg) Approximate Mass of Stone, lb (kg)42 (105)
37、6950 (3160) 7090 (3223) 7225 (3284) 7350 (3341) 3640 (1655) 3712 (1687) 3780 (1718) 3850 (1750)30 (75) 2535 (1152) 2584 (1175) 2635 (1198) 2680 (1218) 1325 (602) 1353 (615) 1380 (627) 1405 (639)20 (50) 750 (341) 766 (348) 780 (355) 390 (177) 390 (177) 401 (182) 410 (186) 415 (189)12 (30) 160 (73) 16
38、5 (75) 168 (76) 172 (78) 85 (39) 87 (40) 88 (40) 90 (41)6 (15) 20 (9.1) 20.5 (9.3) 21 (9.5) 21.5 (9.8) 10 (4.5) 11 (5) 11 (5) 11 (5)MaximumDimensionProlate Sphere Average of Cube and SphereSpecific Gravity Specific Gravityin. (cm)A2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75 2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75Approximate Mass of Stone, lb
39、(kg) Approximate Mass of Stone, lb (kg)42 (105) 3238 (1472) 3300 (1500) 3362 (1528) 3424 (1556) 5300 (2409) 5401 (2455) 5500 (2500) 5600 (2545)30 (75) 1180 (536) 1202.5 (547) 1225 (490) 1248 (567) 1930 (877) 1968 (895) 2005 (911) 2845 (1293)20 (50) 350 (159) 356 (162) 363 (165) 370 (168) 570 (259) 5
40、83 (265) 595 (270) 405 (184)12 (30) 75 (34) 77 (35) 78 (35) 80 (36) 123 (56) 126 (57) 128 (58) 131 (60)6 (15) 9.4 (4.3) 9.6 (4.4) 9.8 (4.5) 10 (4.5) 15 (6.8) 16 (7.3) 16 (7.3) 16 (7.3)ARounded to two figures from conversion of inch-pound (U.S. Customary) units.D6092 143NOTE1Gradationscurvesforeachof
41、theripraptypesareplottedonthefollowingpages.Testresultsforeachgradationperformedinthefieldshouldbeplottedontheappropriatecurve.Acceptableproductswillplotsomewhatparalleltothegradationlimits.Testresultsoftheproductsthatstartonthecoarsesideofthecurveandendonthefinersideofthecurveshallbedeemedasskipgra
42、dedandareunacceptable.FIG.1GradationLimitsforRiprapR-1500D6092 144FIG.2GradationLimitsforRiprapR-700D6092 145FIG.3GradationCurveforRiprapR-300D6092 146FIG.4GradationLimitsforRiprapR-150D6092 147FIG.5GradationLimitsforRiprapR-60D6092 148FIG.6GradationLimitsforRiprapR-20D6092 149FIG.7GradationLimitsfo
43、rSpallsFS-3D6092 1410FIG.8GradationLimitsforBeddingFS-2D6092 1411FIG.9GradationLimitsforBeddingFS-1D6092 1412SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D6092 97 (2008) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Feb.
44、 1, 2014.)(1) Revised Table 1 formatting for better graphic definition anddata alignment to improve ease of use.(2) Inserted a new Table 2 for clarification and ease of use forthe standard sizes of spalls and filter/bedding stone. Previouslythe standard sizes were only listed in Figs. 7-9.(3) Retitl
45、ed former Table 2 to Table 3. SI units were introducedfor clarification and ease of use. The formatting was revised forbetter graphic definition to improve ease of use.(4) Revised 2.1 by adding the reference to Specification E11.(5) Revised 3.2.1 for clarity and ease of understanding.(6) Added 3.2.4
46、 to define the term “prolate sphere.”(7) Revised Section 7 for clarity and ease of use.(8) Replaced Figs. 1-9 for clarity and ease of use.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this st
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