1、Designation: D 6141 97 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide forScreening Clay Portion of Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) forChemical Compatibility to Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6141; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures and test methods that canbe used in the evaluati
3、on of the ability of the clay portion of ageosynthetic clay liner to resist change due to exposure toliquids. These liquids may come from a site, or be generated ina laboratory from a site-specific soil.1.2 The scope of this guide is limited to short-term screen-ing and is not intended to replace ev
4、aluation procedures thatmeasure a performance property such as EPA 9100, TestMethod D 5887, or other suitable ASTM standards as theybecome available.1.3 This guide applies to the clay component of a GCL. Thesynthetic carrier components are covered independently asdescribed in Practice D 5322.1.4 Thi
5、s standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Document
6、s2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 5322 Practice for Immersion Procedures for Evaluatingthe Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to LiquidD 5887 Test Method for Measurement of Index FluxThrough Saturated Geosyntheti
7、c Clay Liner SpecimensUsing a Flexible Wall PermeameterD 5890 Test Method for Swell Index of Clay MineralComponent of Geosynthetic Clay LinersD 5891 Test Method for Fluid Loss of Clay Component ofGeosynthetic Clay LinersD 6072 Guide for Obtaining Samples of Geosynthetic ClayLiners2.2 Other Document:
8、3EPA Test Method 9100 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity,Saturated Leachate Conductivity, and Intrinsic Permeabil-ity3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), na manufacturedhydraulic barrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layersof geosynthetics.3.1.2 test liquid, nwi
9、thin this guide, a liquid either sup-plied to, or obtained by the testing laboratory, or generated bythe testing laboratory through prolonged contact of a reagentwith a test soil or other solid material.3.2 Other definitions may be found in the referenced Ter-minologies D 4439 and D 653.4. Significa
10、nce and Use4.1 This guide is intended as a starting place for thosewishing to investigate the chemical compatibility of the clayportion of a geosynthetic clay liner to test liquids. Within thescope of this guide, the clay portion of a geosynthetic clay linerthat is chemically compatible with a test
11、liquid may beexpected to maintain its swelling characteristics. Conversely,the clay portion of a geosynthetic clay liner that is incompatiblewith a test liquid may be expected not to maintain its swellingcharacteristics. In instances where the compatibility of the clayportion of a GCL is questionabl
12、e, additional hydraulic testingunder the expected site conditions may be warranted.5. Apparatus5.1 Refer to the appropriate evaluation test standards for adescription of the apparatus necessary to perform those tests.5.2 Containers, manufactured of a chemically resistantmaterial, such as polyethylen
13、e or stainless steel, may be neededto prepare and contain test liquid generated from soils. The1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosynthetic ClayLiners.Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Publish
14、ed July 2004. Originally approvedin 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 6141 - 97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docume
15、nt Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.containers sh
16、ould be sealable to prevent the loss of volatileconstituents. Separate containers will be needed for mixingbatches and storing the test liquid for the tests.5.3 Mixer, motor driven, capable of forming a slurry of thesoil and the leaching fluid.NOTE 1It may be impossible to mix some soils to the exte
17、ntpreviously described. In such cases, other means of exposing the soil tothe leaching fluid should be agreed upon between the parties involved.6. Sampling6.1 Test liquid or soil samples from a site should berepresentative of the whole.NOTE 2Materials that contain or are suspected to contain hazardo
18、usconstituents shall be handled in accordance with all applicable federal andstate guidelines.NOTE 3The amount of test liquid needed will depend upon thenumber of tests to be performed. It is estimated that 2 L will be sufficientfor a single series of tests. The amount of soil needed will depend upo
19、nnumber of tests to conduct and the suggested mixing ratio stated in 7.26.2 Sample the geosynthetic clay liner in question in accor-dance with Guide D 6072.6.3 Sample the clay portion of the geosynthetic clay liner inaccordance with Test Methods D 5890 and D 5891.7. Procedure for Generating a Test L
20、iquid from a Soil7.1 Prior to generating the test liquid, the testing laboratoryshall note the general appearance of the soil.NOTE 4In noting the general appearance of the soil, importantobservations may include, but are not limited to, color, odor, and visualestimate of gradation (for example, sand
21、, clay, or gravel).7.2 Place a portion of the soil into the mixing container. Theamount of soil will depend upon the amount of liquid requiredto complete the evaluation. Add to the mixing container anamount of distilled water equal to twice the apparent volume(bulk volume) of the soil.NOTE 5It is re
22、cognized that other solutions may be applicable andmore desirable than distilled water as the leaching fluid for the soil. Insuch cases, the nature of the leaching fluid should be agreed upon by therequestor.7.3 Mix the soil and the distilled water (or other leachingfluid) to form a slurry.7.4 Cover
23、 the mixing container such that the escape ofvolatile constituents is prevented, and allow the mixture tocondition for a minimum of 24 h. Other conditioning periodsare allowed upon agreement by the requestor. Agitate themixture periodically during the conditioning period by rotatingthe container.7.5
24、 Following the conditioning period, carefully decant thetest liquid from the mixing container into a sealable storagecontainer. It is necessary to filter the test liquid prior to theevaluation.8. Evaluating the Clay Portion of the Geosynthetic ClayLiner8.1 Conduct baseline testing of the clay portio
25、n of thegeosynthetic clay liner for fluid loss and swell index inaccordance with Test Methods D 5890 and D 5891.8.2 Conduct another series of tests for fluid loss and swellindex in accordance with Test Methods D 5890 and D 5891,utilizing either a site-specific liquid, or a test liquid generatedfrom
26、a soil.NOTE 6If the site liquid or laboratory-generated test liquid is nottransparent enough to allow the level of swell to be determined inaccordance with Test Method D 5890, then Test Method D 5891 becomesthe sole screening tool.8.3 Record the results of both sets of tests in accordancewith the re
27、ferenced test methods.9. Evaluating the Results of the Test Methods9.1 As a screening tool, this guide does not offer specificvalues for the fluid loss and swell index tests that the clayportion of a geosynthetic clay liner must meet in order to beconsidered chemically compatible with the test liqui
28、d inquestion. However, it is suggested that differences between theresults of the baseline tests and those conducted with the testliquid may warrant further hydraulic testing.NOTE 7Signs that the site-specific liquid or test liquid generated froma soil is having a deleterious effect on the clay port
29、ion of a geosyntheticclay liner may include, but are not limited to, an increase from the baselinein the value of fluid loss and a decrease from the baseline in the value forswell index.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 A description of the geosynthetic clay liner used inthe eva
30、luation including type, source, and manufacturerscodes of product identification,10.1.2 A description of soil or other site-specific test liquidinvolved,10.1.3 Amount of soil, type of leaching fluid used, andconditioning time for the generation of the test liquid. Themixing and settling times, agita
31、tion procedure and periods, andfilter type,10.1.4 The results of the baseline tests and the tests con-ducted with the site-specific liquid, or test liquid generatedfrom a soil,10.1.5 Any and all visual observations of effects on the claycomponent of the GCL that may be useful in the interpretationof
32、 the results, and10.1.6 Other reporting information not listed here, but asmay be required by the referenced ASTM test methods.11. Keywords11.1 chemical compatibility; fluid loss; geosynthetic clayliner; leachate; swell indexD 6141 97 (2004)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validi
33、ty of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subjec
34、t to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarte
35、rs. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard
36、is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 6141 97 (2004)3
