1、Designation: D6141 14Standard Guide forScreening Clay Portion and Index Flux of Geosynthetic ClayLiner (GCL) for Chemical Compatibility to Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6141; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures and test methods that canbe used in the evaluation of
3、the ability of the clay portion of ageosynthetic clay liner to resist change due to exposure toliquids. These liquids may come from a site, or be generated ina laboratory from a site-specific soil.1.2 The scope of this guide is limited to short-term screen-ing and is not intended to replace evaluati
4、on procedures thatmeasure a performance property such as EPA 9100, TestMethod D6766,orother suitable ASTM standards as theybecome available. This guide does not address potentialadverse effects of wet-dry cycling.1.3 This guide applies to the clay component of a GCL. Thesynthetic carrier components
5、are covered independently asdescribed in Practice D5322.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespo
6、nsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD4439 Terminology for Geosynthet
7、icsD5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures forEvaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics toLiquidsD5887 Test Method for Measurement of Index Flux ThroughSaturated Geosynthetic Clay Liner Specimens Using aFlexible Wall PermeameterD5890 Test Method for Swell Index of Clay Mineral C
8、om-ponent of Geosynthetic Clay LinersD5891 Test Method for Fluid Loss of Clay Component ofGeosynthetic Clay LinersD6072/D6072M Practice for Obtaining Samples of Geosyn-thetic Clay LinersD6766 Test Method for Evaluation of Hydraulic Propertiesof Geosynthetic Clay Liners Permeated with PotentiallyInco
9、mpatible Aqueous Solutions2.2 EPA Document:3EPA Test Method 9100 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity,Saturated Leachate Conductivity, and Intrinsic Permeabil-ity3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), na manufacturedhydraulic barrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or la
10、yersof geosynthetics.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide refer toTerminologies D4439 and D653.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 test liquid, nwithin this guide, a liquid either sup-plied to, or obtained by the testing laboratory, or generated bythe testing la
11、boratory through prolonged contact of a reagentwith a test soil or other solid material.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended as a starting place for thosewishing to investigate the chemical compatibility of the clayportion of a geosynthetic clay liner to test liquids. Within thescope of
12、 this guide, the clay portion of a geosynthetic clay linerthat is chemically compatible with a test liquid may beexpected to maintain its swelling characteristics. Conversely,the clay portion of a geosynthetic clay liner that is incompatible1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35
13、on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosynthetic ClayLiners.Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published July 2014. Originally approvedin 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6141 - 09. DOI: 10.1520/D6141-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
14、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg.
15、, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004,http:/www.epa.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1with a test liquid may be expected not to maintain its swellingcharacteristics. In instances where the compatibility
16、of the clayportion of a GCL is questionable, additional hydraulic testingunder the expected site conditions may be warranted.5. Apparatus5.1 Refer to the appropriate evaluation test standards for adescription of the apparatus necessary to perform those tests.5.2 Containers, manufactured of a chemica
17、lly resistantmaterial, such as polyethylene or stainless steel, may be neededto prepare and contain test liquid generated from soils. Thecontainers should be sealable to prevent the loss of volatileconstituents. Separate containers will be needed for mixingbatches and storing the test liquid for the
18、 tests.5.3 Mixer, motor driven, capable of forming a slurry of thesoil and the leaching fluid.NOTE 1It may be impossible to mix some soils to the extentpreviously described. In such cases, other means of exposing the soil tothe leaching fluid should be agreed upon between the parties involved.6. Sam
19、pling6.1 Test liquid or soil samples from a site should berepresentative of the whole.NOTE 2Materials that contain or are suspected to contain hazardousconstituents shall be handled in accordance with all applicable federal andstate guidelines.NOTE 3The amount of test liquid needed will depend upon
20、thenumber of tests to be performed. It is estimated that 2 L will be sufficientfor a single series of tests. The amount of soil needed will depend uponnumber of tests to conduct and the suggested mixing ratio stated in 7.2.6.2 Sample the geosynthetic clay liner in question in accor-dance with Practi
21、ce D6072/D6072M.6.3 Sample the clay portion of the geosynthetic clay liner inaccordance with Test Methods D5890 and D5891.6.4 Sample the geosynthetic clay liner in question in accor-dance with Test Method D6766.7. Procedure for Generating a Test Liquid from a Soil7.1 Prior to generating the test liq
22、uid, the testing laboratoryshall note the general appearance of the soil.NOTE 4In noting the general appearance of the soil, importantobservations may include, but are not limited to, color, odor, and visualestimate of gradation (for example, sand, clay, or gravel).7.2 Place a portion of the soil in
23、to the mixing container. Theamount of soil will depend upon the amount of liquid requiredto complete the evaluation. Add to the mixing container anamount of distilled water equal to twice the apparent volume(bulk volume) of the soil.NOTE 5It is recognized that other solutions may be applicable andmo
24、re desirable than distilled water as the leaching fluid for the soil. Insuch cases, the nature of the leaching fluid should be agreed upon by therequestor.7.3 Mix the soil and the distilled water (or other leachingfluid) to form a slurry.7.4 Cover the mixing container such that the escape ofvolatile
25、 constituents is prevented, and allow the mixture tocondition for a minimum of 24 h. Other conditioning periodsare allowed upon agreement by the requestor. Agitate themixture periodically during the conditioning period by rotatingthe container.7.5 Following the conditioning period, carefully decant
26、thetest liquid from the mixing container into a sealable storagecontainer. It is necessary to filter the test liquid prior to theevaluation.8. Evaluating the Clay Portion of the Geosynthetic ClayLiner8.1 Conduct baseline testing of the clay portion of thegeosynthetic clay liner for fluid loss and sw
27、ell index inaccordance with Test Methods D5890 and D5891.8.2 Conduct another series of tests for fluid loss and swellindex in accordance with Test Methods D5890 and D5891,utilizing either a site-specific liquid, or a test liquid generatedfrom a soil.NOTE 6If the site liquid or laboratory-generated t
28、est liquid is nottransparent enough to allow the level of swell to be determined inaccordance with Test Method D5890, then Test Method D5891 becomesthe sole screening tool.8.3 Record the results of both sets of tests in accordancewith the referenced test methods.NOTE 7GCLs are manufactured with powd
29、er or granular bentonite,whereas the Test Methods D5890 and D5891 are carried out withpowdered bentonite (typically after grinding). It might be necessary tocarry out Test Methods D5890 and D5891 with the bentonite particles asused in the GCL to create realistic data as occurring in field.9. Evaluat
30、ing the Index Flux of the Geosynthetic ClayLiner9.1 Conduct baseline testing of the geosynthetic clay linerfor index flux in accordance with Test Method D5887.9.2 Conduct another test in accordance with Test MethodD6766, utilizing either a site-specific liquid, or a test liquidgenerated from a soil.
31、9.3 Record the results of both sets of tests in accordancewith the referenced test methods.10. Evaluating the Results of the Test Methods10.1 As a screening tool, this guide does not offer specificvalues for the fluid loss and swell index tests that the clayportion of a geosynthetic clay liner must
32、meet or the index fluxvalue of the GCL in order to be considered chemicallycompatible with the test liquid in question. However, it issuggested that differences between the results of the baselinetests and those conducted with the test liquid may warrantfurther hydraulic testing.NOTE 8Signs that the
33、 site-specific liquid or test liquid generated froma soil is having a deleterious effect on the clay portion of a geosyntheticclay liner may include, but are not limited to, an increase from the baselinein the value of fluid loss, resp. the index flux value and a decrease fromthe baseline in the val
34、ue for swell index. (See Appendix X1).11. Report11.1 Report the following information:D6141 14211.1.1 A description of the geosynthetic clay liner used inthe evaluation including type, source, and manufacturerscodes of product identification,11.1.2 A description of soil or other site-specific test l
35、iquidinvolved,11.1.3 Amount of soil, type of leaching fluid used, andconditioning time for the generation of the test liquid. Themixing and settling times, agitation procedure and periods, andfilter type,11.1.4 The results of the baseline tests and the tests con-ducted with the site-specific liquid,
36、 or test liquid generatedfrom a soil,11.1.5 Any and all visual observations of effects on the claycomponent of the GCL that may be useful in the interpretationof the results, and11.1.6 Other reporting information not listed here, but asmay be required by the referenced ASTM test methods.12. Keywords
37、12.1 chemical compatibility; fluid loss; geosynthetic clayliner; leachate; swell indexAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. RELATED REFERENCE MATERIALSX1.1 References on North American BentoniteX1.1.1 Jo, H. Y., Katsumi, T., Benson, C. H. and Edil, T. B.,“Hydraulic Conductivity and Swelling of Nonpr
38、ehydratedGCLs Permeated with Single-Species Salt Solutions,” Journalof Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 127,No. 7, ASCE, pp. 557-567.X1.1.2 Kolstad, D. C., Benson, C. H. and Edil, T. B.,“Hydraulic Conductivity and Swell of Nonprehydrated GCLsPermeated with Multi-Species Inorganic
39、Solutions,” Journal ofGeotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 130,No. 12, p. 1236-1249. and Vol. 132, No. 7, p. 962.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are
40、 expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not r
41、evised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you
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43、States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 143
