1、Designation: D6145 97 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Guide forMonitoring Sediment in Watersheds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6145; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSoil erosion and resulting sedimentation is the major cause of nonpoint source pollution thatthreatens water resources. These impacts inclu
3、de: impaired aquatic habitat; destruction of sport andcommercial fisheries and shellfisheries; lost reservoir capacity for flood control, power generation, andstorage of potable water supplies; excessive flooding; impaired navigation; aggradation of irrigationand drainage channels; lost productivity
4、 of lands swamped by deposition and infertile overwash;increased levels of water treatment; lost or declined recreational opportunities; and impaired aestheticvalues. The amount of sediment in a stream can affect channel shape, sinuosity, and the relativebalance between riffles and pools. Excessive
5、sediment in a stream causes a decrease in channelcapacity which in turn results in more frequent and larger out of bank floods. In addition to the adversephysical effects of sediment loads, many nutrients, pesticides, and heavy metals are sorbed onto finesediment particles which may result in eutrop
6、hic or toxic waters. Indirect effects of increased sedimentloads may include increased stream temperatures and decreased intergravel dissolved oxygen levels.This guide recommends a process for developing and implementing monitoring projects forsediment in a watershed. It follows Guide D5851 with mor
7、e specifics applicable to watersheds andsediment.These guidelines are presented for use in the nationwide strategy for monitoring developed by theIntergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring (ITFM). The nationwide monitoring strategy is an effortto improve the technical aspects of water monitoring to
8、support sound water-quality decision-making.It is needed to integrate monitoring activities more effectively and economically and to achieve abetter return of investments in monitoring projects (1).2This guide is offered as a guide for standardizing methods used in projects to monitor and evaluateac
9、tual and potential nonpoint and point source sediment pollution within a watershed. The guide isapplicable to landscapes and surface water resources, recognizing the need for a comprehensiveunderstanding of naturally occurring and manmade impacts to the entire watershed hydrologic system.1. Scope1.1
10、 PurposeThis guide is intended to provide generalguidance on a watershed monitoring program directed towardsediment. The guide offers a series of general steps withoutsetting forth a specific course of action. It gives advice forestablishing a monitoring program, not an implementationprogram.1.2 Sed
11、imentation as referred to in this guide is thedetachment, entrainment, transportation, and deposition oferoded soil and rock particles. Specific types or parameters ofsediment may include: suspended sediment, bedload, bedmaterial, turbidity, wash load, sediment concentration, totalload, sediment dep
12、osits, particle size distribution, sedimentvolumes and particle chemistry. Monitoring may include notonly sediments suspended in water but sediments deposited infields, floodplains, and channel bottoms.1.3 This guide applies to surface waters as found in streamsand rivers; lakes, ponds, reservoirs,
13、estuaries, and wetlands.1.4 LimitationsThis guide does not establish a standardprocedure to follow in all situations and it does not cover thedetail necessary to define all of the needs of a particularmonitoring objective or project. Other standards and guidesincluded in the reference and standard s
14、ections describe in1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.02 on Quality Systems, Specification,and Statistics.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous e
15、dition approved in 2012 as D6145 97 (2012).DOI: 10.1520/D6145-97R18.2The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international
16、standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1d
17、etail the procedures, equipment, operations, and site selectionfor collecting, measuring, analyzing, and monitoring sedimentand related constituants.1.5 Additional ASTM and U.S. Geological Survey stan-dards applicable to sediment monitoring are listed in AppendixX1 and Appendix X2. Due to the large
18、number of optionalstandards and procedures involved in sediment monitoring,most individual standards are not referenced in this document.Standards and procedures have been grouped in the appendicesaccording to the type of analyses or sampling that would berequired for a specific type of measurement
19、or monitoring.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitation
20、s prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techn
21、icalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD4410 Terminology for Fluvial SedimentD4411 Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in MotionD4581 Guide for Measurement of Morphologic Character-istics of Surface Water Bodies (Withdrawn
22、2013)4D4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-dated SedimentsD5851 Guide for Planning and Implementing a Water Moni-toring Program3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer toTerminologies D1129 and D4410.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to
23、This Standard:3.2.1 assess, vto determine the significance, value, andimportance of the data collected and recorded.3.2.2 best management practice (BMP), na practice orcombination of practices that are determined by state orarea-wide planning agencies to be the most effective andpractical means of c
24、ontrolling point and nonpoint pollution.3.2.3 hydrograph, na graphical representation of thedischarge, stage, velocity, available power, or other property ofstream flow at a point with respect to time.3.2.4 measurement, ndetermining the value of a charac-teristic within a representative sample or in
25、 situ determinationsof selected components of riverine, lacustrine, or estuarinesystems.3.2.5 nonpoint source pollution, na condition of waterwithin a water body caused by the presence of undesirablematerials that enter the water system from diffuse locationswith no particular point of origin.3.2.6
26、resource management system (RMS), na combina-tion of conservation practices identified by the primary use ofthe land that will protect the soil resource base, maintainacceptable water quality, and maintain acceptable ecologicaland management levels for the selected resource use.3.2.7 watershed, nall
27、 lands enclosed by a continuoushydrologic surface drainage divide and lying upslope from aspecified point on a stream.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to be used in the planning stageor phase of developing a sediment monitoring program. Thisguide is an assembly of the components com
28、mon to all aspectsof watershed sediment monitoring and fulfills a need in thedevelopment of a common framework for a better coordinatedand a more unified approach to sediment monitoring inwatersheds.4.2 The user of this guide is not assumed to be a trainedtechnical practitioner in the water quality,
29、 sedimentation, orhydrology fields. The intended users are managers and plan-ners who need information to develop a water quality moni-toring program or project with an emphasis in sediment andhydrology. Sediment specialists will also find information onprocedures, equipment, methodology, and operat
30、ions to con-duct a monitoring program.4.3 This guide is used during the planning process ofdeveloping, designing, and re-evaluating a sediment monitor-ing program.5. Monitoring Purpose5.1 A watershed monitoring program for sediment is com-prised of a series of steps designed to collect sediment andr
31、elated flow data in order to achieve a stated objective. Thepurposes of monitoring may be several and include: analyzingtrends, establishing baseline conditions, studying the fate andtransport of sediment and associated pollutants, defining criti-cal source areas, assessing compliance, measuring the
32、 effec-tiveness of management practices, project monitoring, imple-mentation monitoring, making wasteload allocations, testingmodels, defining a water quality problem, and conductingresearch.5.2 Monitoring to analyze trends is used to determine howwater quality or sediment load changes over time. No
33、rmally,measurements will be made at regular well-spaced time inter-vals in order to determine the long term trend in somesedimentation parameter. Typically the observations are nottaken specifically to evaluate BMPs or management activities,3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www
34、.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.D6145 97 (2018)2water quality models
35、, or water quality standards, althoughtrend data may be utilized, in part, for one of these otherpurposes.5.3 Baseline monitoring is used to characterize existingsediment or water quality conditions, and to establish a database for planning or future comparisons. Baseline monitoringshould capture as
36、 much of the temporal variations as possiblein order to assess seasonal and long term climatic influencesupon runoff and sediment yield. In some cases baselinemonitoring is included as the early stage of trend monitoring.5.4 Fate and transport monitoring is conducted to determinewhether sediment and
37、 associated pollutants move and wherethey may go.5.5 Sediment monitoring can be used to locate criticalsource areas within watersheds exhibiting greater pollution orloading potential than other areas.5.6 Sediment monitoring may also be used to assess com-pliance with water quality management plans o
38、r standards.This is the monitoring used to determine whether specifiedwater-quality criteria are being met. The criteria may benumerical (quantitative) or descriptive (qualitative).5.7 Sediment monitoring may assess the effectiveness ofindividual management practices or resource managementsystems fo
39、r improving water quality or, in some cases, may beused to evaluate the effect of an entire program in a watershed.Evaluating individual BMPs may require detailed and special-ized measurements made at the practice site or immediatelyadjacent to the management practice. Monitoring the overalleffectiv
40、eness of BMPs is usually done in the stream channeland it may be difficult to relate measured values to individualpractices.5.8 Implementation monitoring may assess whether BMPswere installed or implemented, or if significant land useschanges occurred. Typically this activity is carried out as anadm
41、inistrative review or a monitoring of landuse changes. Onits own, however, implementation monitoring cannot directlylink management activities to water quality or sediment yield,as no actual sediment or water measurements were taken.5.9 Monitoring of water bodies receiving runoff and sedi-ment or ot
42、her suspended loads can be used to make wasteloadallocations between various point and nonpoint sources. Suchallocations require good knowledge of the individual contribu-tions from each source.5.10 Sediment monitoring may be used to fit, calibrate, ortest a model for local conditions. Sediment moni
43、toring may beused to evaluate samplers, rainfall simulators, runoff collectiondevices and other related instruments or devices for researchpurposes.5.11 Finally, sediment monitoring may be used to giveadequate definition to a water quality problem or determinewhether a sediment related problem exist
44、s.5.12 Guide D5851 provides overall guidance on watermonitoring and provides detailed information on purposes ofmonitoring water quality. Additional information on purposesof watershed monitoring is provided in USDA-NRCS WaterQuality Monitoring Handbook (2), the ITFM reports (1, 3, 4,5), and EPA Gui
45、delines (6, 7).6. Monitoring Components6.1 This guide suggests and discusses the following steps indesigning a watershed monitoring program for sediment. Moredetail on each step may be found in USDA-NRCS MonitoringHandbook (2).6.1.1 Identify NeedThe first step is to define the need forwater quality
46、monitoring. The need statement should includeseveral components: the potential or real water quality issuerequiring attention, the potential use impairment or threats, thename of the actual water resource(s), and finally the potentialsources that may cause the problem(s) (2). Very often the needis t
47、o identify a water quality problem but in some cases, theneed may be to assess the existing water quality whether aproblem exists or not. An example of a need statement mightbe: “The decline in shellfish in Big Bay is due to acceleratedsedimentation caused by excessive erosion from forestry op-erati
48、ons within the Trout Brook watershed.” Since sedimentmay originate or become resuspended from a vast variety ofnonpoint and point sources, the cause(s) of the sedimentproblem may be difficult to establish or distinguish unlessdetailed monitoring plans are implemented.6.2 Monitoring ObjectivesThe sec
49、ond step in developinga sediment monitoring program is to define the monitoringobjectives. The objectives of the monitoring study shouldaddress the water quality need or problem. An objectivestatement should include an infinitive verb, an object word orphrase, and some constraints on the objective such as thesurface or ground water watershed boundaries and variables tomonitor. An example of a monitoring objective might be: “Todetermine the effect of implementing best management prac-tices on sediment concentration or sediment yield in TroutBrook.” When several objectives
