1、Designation: D 6148 97 (Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Practice forthe Separation and Examination of Stickies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is applicable to a wide range of virginpulps or pulps derived from recovered mate
3、rials or recoveredpaper of the type typically used to produce paper, paperboardand other paper products.1.2 This practice describes laboratory procedures wherebystickies are typically separated from pulp fibers, and then theseparated stickies fraction is examined by qualitative or quan-titative proc
4、edures, or both.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
5、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related Product2D 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products2D 2019 Test Method for Dirt in Paper and Paperboard2E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Siz
6、e to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for Charac-teristic of a Lot or Process32.2 TAPPI Documents4T 205 Forming Handsheets for Physical Testing of PulpT 210 Sampling and Testing Wood Pulp Shipments forMoistureT 412 Moisture in Pulp, Paper and PaperboardUM 242 Shive Content in M
7、echanical Pulp (SomervilleFractionator)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions used in this practice are those found inTerminology D 1968 or the Dictionary of Paper.43.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 stickies, nparticulate, generally non-fibrous, con-taminants suspende
8、d in pulps of the type used in papermakingwhich adhere to themselves, other components of the paperstructure, components of the papermaking machinery, and inthe case where the contaminants are incorporated into finishedpaper or paper products, cause the unexpected and generallyundesirable adherence
9、one to another of units of the finishedpaper or paper product.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe suspended particulate contami-nants are usually of low specific gravity and include, but arenot limited to, residual materials such as adhesives and coatingresidues, films, tapes, rubber-like particles, inks, and hyd
10、roly-sis products of synthetic sizing materials.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A slurry of pulp fibers, after mechanical disintegration ifnecessary, is placed in a separatory device in contact with aplate or screen of defined area having openings of specifiednumber and size.4.1.1 The characteristics of t
11、he plate or screen shall be suchthat the stickies contaminants are separated from papermakingfibers at an efficiency required to differentiate and discriminatebetween test materials that are known to contain differentlevels of stickies, or that have been found to exhibit differentperformance in the
12、papermaking process due to the levels ofstickies incorporated within them.4.1.2 In some separatory devices, the slurry is recirculatedin contact with the plate or screen within the separator deviceto achieve stickies separation. In other devices, stickies remain-ing on the plate or screen are washed
13、 free from the plate orscreen with a supply of fresh water, or mechanically removedwith tweezers or a similar device. Sometimes both proceduresoccur.4.1.3 The typical plate or screen used for stickies separationin this practice contains slots having a width of 0.15 mm (0.006in.), however slotted pla
14、tes or screens having a different widthopening, for example 0.10 mm (0.004 in.) or 0.20 mm (0.008in.), have been successfully used in specific applications.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paper andPaper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.9
15、2 on TestMethods.Current edition approved July 10, 1997. Published February 1998.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.4Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,Technology Park, P.O. Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348.1Copyright
16、 ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 The quantity, qualitative characteristics, or both, of theseparated stickies may be determined by any of the followinginstruments or approaches, singly or in combination, based onthe measurem
17、ent information required:4.2.1 Touch or visual inspection using tweezers, dissectingneedles, size estimation gages, or similar devices (size, color,presence or absence of stickiness),4.2.2 Automated image analysis (number and size of par-ticles),4.2.3 Reaction to heat (thermal properties),4.2.4 Exam
18、ination under radiant energy including, but notlimited to ultraviolet, near infrared, or infrared radiation(spectroscopic structural properties),4.2.5 Examination using chemical reagents including dyesor solvents (chemical properties),4.2.6 Gravimetric quantification, and4.2.7 Other suitable means o
19、f choice, as defined by the usersof this practice.5. Significance and Use5.1 The increased use of alternative fiber sources, includingbut not limited to fiber from recovered material or recoveredpaper, or both, has increasingly resulted in the presence ofstickies in fiber sources of the type typical
20、ly used in paper-making and, to a lesser extent, in their presence in finishedpapers and paper products made from such fiber sources.5.2 This practice provides a consistent format in which toseparate and make either qualitative or quantitative measure-ments, or both, on stickies.5.3 This practice is
21、 suitable for application throughout theentire process of paper production and use, enabling theproducer, converter and user of paper to measure, describe, andspecify required properties of pulp, paper, and paper productswith regard to stickies.6. EquipmentNOTE 1Various pieces of equipment may be us
22、ed in performing theprocedure described in this practice. The exact equipment required variesbased upon the portions of the procedure used.6.1 Disintegrator, as described in TAPPI T 205, AppendixA.NOTE 2The disintegrator may not be required or even desirable whenslurried pulps from the papermaking p
23、rocess are being evaluated.6.2 Separatory instrument or device for removing stickiesfrom the pulp slurry. The instrument or device shall separatepulp from stickies based upon a screening technique, and shallincorporate a screen or plate with the following characteristics:6.2.1 Slots in the screen or
24、 plate of the instrument or deviceare of such dimension that all fibers in the slurry are allowed topass through,NOTE 3In spite of this requirement, long fiber strings or fiber bundleswill frequently be retained on the plate or screen.6.2.2 The plate or screen in the instrument or device retainsstic
25、kies at a level and efficiency that efficient and statisticallyreliable differentiation among pulps known to contain measur-ably different stickies levels is possible,6.2.3 The orientation and size of the slots in the plate orscreen may be precisely described, verified, and reliablyreproduced.6.2.4
26、The Somerville Fractionator (TAPPI UM 242)5andthe Pulmac MasterScreen5have been found to comply withthese requirements and are suitable instruments for use in thispractice. There may be other suitable separatory units whichmeet the requirements, as well.NOTE 4No screening or separating device has ye
27、t demonstrated theability to quantitatively remove from a slurry of pulp fibers every stickyparticle that may result in the probability of negative performancecharacteristics in some application of interest for a particular pulp or papermaterial. What the practically useful stickies separating syste
28、m does is toremove some reproducible portion of the stickies present. The portion ofthe stickies removed will be a function of the specific interaction of theseparating systems screen or plate opening size, the amount of solids(both pulp fibers and stickies) present in the test specimen, and charac-
29、teristics of the stickies separating system including flow rate, recyclingand washing system used, and the particle size distribution of the stickiesparticles present. Since two stickies separating systems with differentoperational characteristics are unlikely to produce the same specificinteraction
30、 between the screening system and the test specimen, non-identical separatory systems will generally produce results which aredifferent quantitatively, qualitatively, or both. However, separating screensor plates chosen to meet the general criteria above will rank different testspecimens in the same
31、 general order with respect to stickies, even thoughthere will be differences between separation systems in the specificqualitative and quantitative information derived.6.3 Filter Paper to fit the system used (as required).6.4 Particle Size Comparison Chart, such as the dirt speckcomparison chart de
32、scribed in Test Method D 2019 for visualestimation of size of stickies particles separated from specimen(as desired).6.5 Common Laboratory Equipment, such as tweezers, dis-secting needles, glassware, and similar.6.6 Specific Instrumentation, such as balances, spectropho-tometers, thermal analysis un
33、its, and similar, as required forany specific stickies identification procedures which are to beused as agreed by the users of the practice (as desired).NOTE 5The specific performance capabilities of instrumentation usedfor examination of the stickies fraction are not specified here because ofthe wi
34、de variety of equipment available and in use for stickies examina-tion. The user must be judicious in the choice of the equipment used,however. For example, because of the very small amount of stickiescollected from some specimens, use of a semi-micro balance capable ofweighing to 60.00001 g, rather
35、 than the usual analytical balance weighingto 60.0001 g may be required to perform gravimetric quantitation (see4.2.6).6.7 Microscope (monocular- or stereomicroscope) or mag-nifying light stand (if desired).6.8 Image Analysis System to measure number and sizedistribution, or both, of collected stick
36、ies particles (if desired).5The device known as the Somerville Fractionator was first disclosed in 1932(see Bibliography, Ref 2). It is described in TAPPI UM 242, and is available fromvendors of paper testing equipment. The sole source of supply of the device knownas the Pulmac MasterScreen known to
37、 the committee at this time is PulmacInstruments International, Inc., Box 50 HCR 34, Montpelier, VT 05602. If you areaware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquar-ters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at meeting of the responsibletechnical committe
38、e, which you may attend.D 6148 97 (2002)27. Sampling7.1 Sampling:7.1.1 The exact sampling plan followed will depend uponthe material being evaluated, and must be agreed upon inadvance by parties involved in the use of this practice. Thefollowing are recommended:7.1.1.1 When sampling a lot of pulp in
39、 roll, bale, or similarform, follow TAPPI T 210, Section 8.7.1.1.2 When sampling a lot of paper or paper product atanytime following the papermaking process, follow Practice D585.7.1.1.3 When sampling for other than acceptance purposes,as an alternative, use Practice E 122.7.2 Sample Preparation:7.2
40、.1 Determination of the percentage solids present in thematerial to be evaluated using an appropriate standardizedprocedure such as TAPPI T 210 or TAPPI T 412.7.3 Preparation of Fiber Slurry:7.3.1 The exact procedure for preparation of the fiber slurrywill vary based upon the fiber source and the se
41、paration systemused. Typically, 25 to 50 g of dry fiber weight are used whenthe 0.10 mm (0.004 in.) slotted screen is used, and 100 g whenthe 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) slotted screen is used.7.3.2 Fibers are disintegrated, when required or agreed,using a standard disintegration procedure such as TAPPI T 2
42、05.7.3.2.1 Disintegration is particularly used to separate indi-vidual fibers from fiber clumps of bundles that would beretained on the screen with the stickies.7.3.2.2 It is always advisable to disintegrate pulp received insheet form, regardless of the solids content.7.3.3 In some cases where the s
43、ample is received in pulpslurry form, it is simply diluted without further disintegrationand processed as described in 7.3.47.3.4 After disintegration, if required, the pulp slurry isdiluted to the optimum solids content recommended for usewith the separation system used, such that the total dilute
44、slurryvolume results in a dry fiber content in the range specified in7.3.1. Dilution is typically to a fiber solids content (dry fiberweight basis) of 0.5 to 1.0 % (50 to 100 g of dry fiber in 10 Lof water).7.4 Separation of Stickies Material:7.4.1 Stickies material may be separated from pulp fibers
45、using a variety of commercially available instruments (6.2).7.4.1.1 It must be understood that the stickies materialseparated from specific pulps will vary widely in composition,and may include numerous materials not fitting the definitionof stickies found in 3.2.1, such as fiber strings and bundles
46、(Note 3), plastic, wood, shives, metal, and other materials.7.4.1.2 Only after thorough examination of the contaminantfraction using appropriate techniques and the equipment in 6.4through 6.8 may an exact estimation of the actual amounts andtypes of stickies materials present in a sample be made.7.4
47、.2 The Pulmac MasterScreen is an automated, high flowrate, low consistency screening device which creates andmaintains a rigidly controlled screening environment wherebystickies are separated and collected from a pulp slurry. Typicalslurry concentration is 100 g dry fiber in 8 to 10 L of water. Thes
48、creen most frequently used for stickies collection is onehaving a slot width of 0.15 mm (0.006 in.). Other concentra-tions of pulp or screen slot width may be used upon theagreement of the persons using this practice, and must beshown in the report of the testing done.7.4.2.1 The instrument automati
49、cally screens and then col-lects contaminant materials from a pulp slurry.7.4.2.2 The contaminant materials are automatically depos-ited on a filter paper and may be removed from the instrumentat the completion of the analysis for examination using thegeneral techniques described in 6.6 through 6.8.7.4.2.3 After making certain the instrument (particularly theslotted plate) is clean, separate the contaminant materials froma pulp slurry prepared as in 7.3.4 using the instructionsaccompanying the instrument.7.4.3 The instrument known as the Somerville Fractionatorwas originally pr
