1、Designation: D6151/D6151M 15Standard Practice forUsing Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration andSoil Sampling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6151/D6151M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers how to obtain soil samples usingHollow-Stem Auger (HSA) sampling systems and use o
3、fhollow-stem auger drilling methods for geotechnical explora-tion. This practice addresses how to obtain soil samplessuitable for engineering properties testing.1.2 In most geotechnical explorations, Hollow-Stem Auger(HSA) drilling is combined with other sampling methods. Splitbarrel penetration tes
4、ts (Test Method D1586) are often per-formed to provide estimates of engineering properties of soils.Thin-wall tube (Practice D1587) and ring-lined barrel samples(Practice D3550) are also frequently taken. This practicediscusses hole preparation for these sampling events. Forinformation on the sampli
5、ng process, consult the relatedstandards. Other in situ tests, such as the vane shear TestMethod D2573, can be performed below the base of the boringby access through the drill string. Other drilling methods aresummarized in Guide D6286. Practice D1452 describes solidstem augers.1.3 This practice do
6、es not include considerations for geoen-vironmental site characterizations and installation of monitor-ing wells which are addressed in Guide D5784.1.4 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and sh
7、ould be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document b
8、e applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this practice means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and roundin
9、g established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.6 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitspresented in brackets are to be regarded separately asstandard. The values stated in each system may not be exactequivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independen
10、tlyof the other. Combining values from the two systems mayresult in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 Hollow-stem auger drilling for geotechnical explorationoften involves safety planning, administration, and documen-tation. This standard does not purport to specifically addressexploration and s
11、ite safety. It is the responsibility of the user ofthis standard to establish appropriate safety and health prac-tices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitationsprior to its use. Performance of the test usually involves use ofa drill rig, therefore, safety requirements as outlined ina
12、pplicable safety standards, for example OSHA (OccupationalHealth and Safety Administration) regulations, DCDMA safetymanual (1),2drilling safety manuals, and other applicable stateand local regulations must be observed.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D420 Guide to Site Characterization fo
13、r Engineering Designand Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)4D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of So
14、il and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and Construction1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved July 1, 2015, Published J
15、uly 2015. Originally approvedin 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6151 08. DOI: 10.1520/D6151_D6151M-15.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references at the end of thispractice.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer
16、 Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
17、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and RockD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalData2.2 Standards for Sampling of Soil and Rock:D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by AugerBoringsD1586 Test Me
18、thod for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site ExplorationD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of Soil
19、sD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamples2.3 In situ Testing:D2573 Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in CohesiveSoilD3441 Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Testsof Soil (Withdrawn 2014)4D4719 Test Methods for Prebored Pressuremeter Testing inSoils2.4 Instrument Insta
20、llation and Monitoring:D4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-ingD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundwaterMonitoring Wells2.5 Drilling Methods:D5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvi-ronmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Mon
21、itoring DevicesD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environ-mental Site Characterization3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, referto Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: (see Figs.1-5 for typical system com
22、ponents):3.2.1 auger cutter headthe terminal section of the leadauger equipped with a hollow cutting head for cutting soil.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe cutter head is connected to the leadauger. The cutter head is equipped with abrasion-resistantcutting devices, normally with carbide surfaces. The cutter c
23、anbe teeth (usually square or conical), or blades (rectangular orspade design). Cutter head designs may utilize one style cutteror a combination of cutters.3.2.2 bit clearance ratioa ratio, expressed as a percentageof the difference between the inside diameter of the samplingtube and the inside diam
24、eter of the cutting bit divided by theinside diameter of the sampling tube.3.2.3 blow-in(Practice D5092)the inflow of groundwa-ter and unconsolidated material into the borehole or casingcaused by differential hydraulic heads; that is, caused by thepresence of a greater hydraulic head outside the bor
25、ehole/casing than inside. Also known as sanding in or soil heave.3.2.4 clean out depththe depth to which the end of thedrill string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after aninterval of drilling.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe clean out depth (or drilled depth asit is referred to after cleaning out
26、 of any sloughed material orcuttings in the bottom of the drill hole) is normally recorded tothe nearest 0.1 ft. 0.03 m.3.2.5 continuous sampling devicessampling systemswhich continuously sample as the drilling progresses.3.2.5.1 DiscussionHollow-stem sampling systems are of-ten referred to as conti
27、nuous samplers because they can beoperated in that mode. Hollow-stem sampling systems aredouble-tube augers where barrel-type samplers fit within thelead auger of the hollow auger column. The double-tube augeroperates as a soil coring system in certain subsurface condi-tions where the sampler barrel
28、 fills with material as the augersadvance. The barrel can be removed and replaced duringpauses in drilling for continuous coring.FIG. 1 Rod-Type Auger System With Pilot BitD6151/D6151M 1523.2.6 double-tube augeran auger equipped with an innerbarrel for soil sampling (soil coring); if equipped with a
29、n innerbarrel and liner, the auger system can be described as atriple-tube auger.3.2.7 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-surface by mechanical means. Also known as borehole orboring.3.2.8 drill stringthe complete drilling assembly underrotation including augers, core barrel or pilot
30、 bit, drill rods, andconnector subassemblies.3.2.8.1 DiscussionDrilling depth is determined by knowl-edge of the total length of the drill string, and by subtractingthe string length above a ground surface datum.3.2.9 fluid injection devicespumps, fittings, hose and pipecomponents, or drill rig atta
31、chments that may be used to injecta fluid within a hollow auger column during drilling.3.2.10 hollow stem auger (HSA)a cylindrical hollow tubewith a continuous helical fluting/fighting on the outside, whichacts as a screw conveyor to lift cuttings produced by an augerdrill head or cutter head bit to
32、 the surface.3.2.11 in-hole-hammera drop hammer for driving a soilsampling device.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThe in-hole hammer is designed torun down-hole within the HSA column. It is usually operatedwith a free-fall wireline hoist capable of lifting and droppingthe hammer weight to drive the sampler below
33、 the HSAcolumn and retrieve the hammer and sampler to the surface.See Fig. 653.2.12 in situ testing devicessensors or probes, used forobtaining test data for estimation of engineering properties,that are typically pushed, rotated, or driven in advance of thehollow auger column assembly at a designat
34、ed depth oradvanced simultaneously with advancement of the auger col-umn (see 2.3).3.2.13 intermittent sampling devicesbarrel-type samplersthat may be rotated, driven, or pushed below the auger head ata designated depth prior to advancement of the auger column(see 2.2).3.2.14 lead auger assemblythe
35、first hollow stem auger tobe advanced into the subsurface.3.2.14.1 DiscussionThe end of the lead auger assembly isequipped with a cutter head for cutting. The lead auger mayalso contain a pilot bit assembly or sample barrel assemblyhoused within the hollow portion of the auger. If a wirelinesystem i
36、s used, the lead auger assembly will have an adapterhousing on top of the first auger containing a latching devicefor locking the pilot bit assembly or sampling core barrel intothe lead auger assembly.3.2.15 lead distancethe mechanically adjusted length ordistance that the inner core barrel cutting
37、shoe is set to extendbeyond the lead auger assembly cutting head.3.2.16 overshota latching mechanism located at the end ofthe hoisting line (wireline) specially designed to latch onto orrelease the pilot bit or core barrel assemblies serving as a liftingdevice for removing the pilot bit or sampler a
38、ssembly.3.2.17 O-ringa rubber ring for preventing leakage be-tween joining metal connections, such as hollow-stem augersections.3.2.18 percent recoverypercentage which indicates thesuccess of sample retrieval, calculated by dividing the length ofsample recovered by the length of sampler advancement.
39、3.2.19 pilot bit assemblyan assembly designed to attach toa drill rod or lock into the lead auger assembly for drillingwithout sampling.3.2.19.1 DiscussionThe pilot bit can have various con-figurations (drag bit, roller cone, tooth bit, or combination ofdesigns) to aid in more efficient or rapid hol
40、e advancement.3.2.20 recovery lengththe length of sample actually re-trieved during the sampling operation.5Foremost Mobile, Mobile Drilling Company Inc., 3807 Madison Avenue,Indianapolis, IN.FIG. 2 Example of Rod-Type Sampling SystemD6151/D6151M 1533.2.21 sanding ina condition that occurs when sand
41、 or siltenters the auger after removal of the pilot bit or samplingbarrel. See blow-in.3.2.21.1 DiscussionSanding in can occur from hydrostaticimbalance or by suction forces caused by removal of the pilotbit or sampling barrel.3.2.22 sloughthe disturbed material left in the bottom ofthe borehole, us
42、ually from falling off the side of the borehole,or falling out of the sampler, or off of the auger.3.2.23 soil coring, hollow-stemThe drilling process ofusing a double-tube HSA system to intermittently or continu-ously sample the subsurface material (soil).3.2.24 wireline drilling, hollow-stema rota
43、ry drilling pro-cess using a lead auger which holds a pilot bit or samplingbarrel delivered and removed by wireline hoisting.3.2.24.1 DiscussionLatching assemblies are used to lockor unlock the pilot bit or sampler barrel. The pilot bit or corebarrel is raised or lowered on a wireline cable with an
44、overshotlatching device.3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 HSA, nHollow Stem Auger(s). See 3.2.10.4. Significance and Use4.1 Hollow-stem augers are frequently used for geotechni-cal exploration. One reason they are used is that the method isconsidered a “dry” drilling method where drill fluids are notneeded to adva
45、nce the borehole in unstable formations. Often,hollow-stem augers are used with other sampling systems, suchas split barrel penetration resistance testing, Test MethodD1586, or thin-wall tube sampling, Practice D1587 (see 2.5).FIG. 3 Example of Wireline Sampling SystemD6151/D6151M 154HSA may be used
46、 to advance a drill hole without samplingusing a pilot bit assembly, or they may be equipped with asampling system for obtaining soil cores. In some subsurfaceconditions that contain cohesive soils, the drillhole can besuccessfully advanced without the use of a pilot bit assembly.Intermittent drilli
47、ng (advancing of the HSA column with orwithout a pilot bit) and sampling can be performed dependingon the intervals to be sampled, or continuous sampling can beperformed. During pauses in the drilling and sampling process,in situ testing or other soil sampling methods can be performedthrough the hol
48、low auger column below the lead augerassembly. At completion of the boring to the depth of interest,the hole may be abandoned or testing or monitoring devicescan be installed. Hollow-stem auger drilling allows for drillingand casing the hole simultaneously, thereby eliminating holecaving problems an
49、d contamination of soil samples (2). Thehollow-stem auger drilling and sampling method can be asatisfactory means for collecting samples of shallow uncon-solidated subsurface materials (2). Additional guidance on usecan be found in Refs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.FIG. 4 Spindle Adaptor AssemblyD6151/D6151M 1554.2 Soil sampling with a double-tube hollow-stem samplingsystem provides a method for obtaining continuous or inter-mittent samples of soils for accurate logging of subsurfacematerials to support geotechnical testing and exploration. Awide vari
