1、Designation: D6157 97 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Practice forDetermining the Performance of Oil/Water SeparatorsSubjected to a Sudden Release1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes the testing procedure, any nec-essary related apparatus, and the
3、sampling technique to be usedin determining the performance characteristics of an oil/waterseparator subjected to the sudden release of a relatively largequantity of hydrocarbons that may appear in its influent in pureform or at high concentration.1.2 This practice does not address the determination
4、 of theperformance characteristics of an oil/water separator subjectedto surface run-off resulting from rain water draining fromimproved or unimproved land. In this case, refer to PracticeD6104.1.3 This practice does not address the determination of theperformance characteristics of an oil/water sep
5、arator subjectedto a mechanically emulsified influent such as provided by apump.1.4 This practice does not investigate the ability of theseparator to handle debris or suspended solids, that is, grit ortree leaves.1.5 While the effluent may meet code requirements for totaloil and grease content, this
6、 practice does not address thepresence of soluble organics, that is, benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylene (BTEXs) that may be detected in theeffluent. It also does not make any provisions for the effects ofdetergents, surfactants, soaps or any water soluble matter (thatis, salts) or any portio
7、n of an essentially insoluble matter thatmay be found in solution on separation. (Effects of certainwater soluble chemicals or solids may be investigated byadding them to the water at predetermined constant concentra-tions.)1.6 In order to estimate the effect of water temperature onthe performance o
8、f the separator, the tests described in thispractice must be performed at two water temperatures. Theselected temperatures must be at least 10 C (18 F) apart, withthe temperature ranging from a minimum of 0 C (32 F) to amaximum of 50 C (122 F).1.7 This practice does not make any provisions for theva
9、riation of pH or temperature during a test run. Refer toAppendix X1 for further detail.1.8 This practice can be used with a variety of hydrocar-bons. It adopts No. 2 fuel oil with a density2of 845 kg/m3(52.73 lbm/ft3) and a viscosity2of 1.9 to 4.1 centistokes at40 C (104 F) and SAE 90 lubricating oi
10、l with a density (SeeSAE J313) of 930 kg/m3(58 lbm/ft3) at 15.5 C (60 F) and aviscosity (See SAE J306) of 13.5 to 24 centistokes at 100 C(212 F) as the comparative testing media. It is understood thatthe results obtained from this practice are only directlyapplicable to No. 2 fuel oil and SAE 90 lub
11、ricating oil for thetested concentrations and only careful interpolation or extrapo-lation, or both, is allowed to other hydrocarbons. Low viscosityor high density hydrocarbons or hydrocarbons that contain alarger fraction of highly soluble compounds may need to betested separately.NOTE 1No extrapol
12、ation outside the range of the tested influent oreffluent oil concentrations is allowed as performance may not be linear.Hence, to establish performance at a higher or lower concentration, theseparator shall be tested for that specific condition. In addition, linearitymust be established prior to us
13、ing linear interpolation.1.9 Since regulations are based on effluent total hydrocar-bon content, this practice does not set forth any lower limits onoil particle size for the evaluation of separator efficiency.However, a standardized means for mixing oil and water shallbe specified to ensure repeata
14、bility. It must be noted howeverthat smaller particles, having a greater surface area to volumeratio, rise at a slower rate than their larger counterparts. (GuideF933 requires that 20 % of all oil particles be smaller than orequal to 50 m and IMO MEPC 60 (30) does not mention anyparticle size requir
15、ements but asks the user to avoid emulsioncausing chemicals.)1.10 Although the tests described in this practice intend tosimulate the performance of a separator subjected to a suddenrelease, they do not cover all possible applications. It is the end1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co
16、mmittee D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.06 on Methods for Analysis forOrganic Substances in Water.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D6157 97 (2003).DOI: 10.1520/D6157-97R11
17、.2Ray E. Bolz and George L. Tuve, CRC Handbook of tables for AppliedEngineering Science, 2ndEdition, CRC Press, 1991.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.users responsibility to determine whether his separation re-quiremen
18、ts are within the scope of this practice.1.11 A product different from the general description hereinmay be tested and found to be in compliance with theperformance criteria set forth.1.12 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are
19、forinformation only.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior t
20、o use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsD4281 Test Method for Oil and Grease (FluorocarbonExtractable Substances) by Gravimetric DeterminationF933 Guide for Evaluation of Oil Water Separation Systemsfo
21、r Spilled Oil Recovery Applications (Discontinued2001)4D6104 Practice for Determining the Performance of Oil/Water Separators Subjected to Surface Run-Off2.2 EPA Standards:EPA-413.1, “Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water andWastes,” EPA 600/4-79-0205EPA-413.2, “Methods for Chemical Analysis of Wat
22、er andWastes,” EPA 600/4-79-0205EPA-1664, H-Hexane Extractable Material (HEM) andSilica Gel Treated N-Hexane Extractable Material (SGT-HEM) by Extraction and Gravimetry (Oil and Grease andTotal Petroleum Hydrocarbons) EPA-821-B-94-004B540 CFR Ch. 1 (7-1-95 Edition)52.3 SAE Standards:SAE J306 Axle an
23、d Manual Transmission Lubricant Vis-cosity Classification6SAE J313 Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice (R)Diesel Fuels63. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this prac-tice, refer to Terminology D1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 calibrationthe c
24、ertified evaluation of the accuracyof a measuring instrument as performed by its manufacturer oran independent licensed or accredited third party.3.2.2 contaminated run-offrain water which has collectedoily contaminants from the surfaces it came in contact with andwhich may appear in the influent to
25、 a separator. Unlike arelease, the level of contamination in this case is much lower.3.2.3 effluentthe aqueous release from a separator.3.2.4 flow totalizera counter, usually attached to a flowmeter, that evaluates the total volume of the fluid that hasflowed through over a given time period.3.2.5 i
26、nfluentthe oily aqueous input to a separator.3.2.6 oily dischargeany release of oily contaminants intothe environment that exceeds the allowable limit.3.2.7 re-entrainmentthe condition in which the level ofcontamination of the effluent water of a separator containing oilis higher than the influent c
27、ontamination level due to internalremixing. This definition usually applies to situations whereclean water passes through a separator that already containsHydrocarbons stored within and atop the water so as to form aninterface.3.2.8 releaseany sudden discharge of an oily substancefrom vessels that a
28、re specifically designed to store, contain, ortransfer oily products such as storage tanks, pipelines, dikedareas, and transfer equipment and which may appear in theinfluent to a separator.3.2.9 separatora flow through primary treatment devicethe primary purpose of which is to separate oil from wate
29、r.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The practice evaluates a separators ability to inhibit asudden release from escaping into its effluent. For this, aquantity of hydrocarbon constituting at least the rated oilstorage capacity of the separator is released at the separatorsrated flow for the test conditions,
30、 either in pure form or mixedwith water to form a 500 000 mg/L concentration. It is thenimmediately followed with fresh water. The correspondingeffluent hydrocarbon content is determined by obtaining andanalyzing grab samples.4.2 The data generated in this practice are considered validfor the separa
31、tors tested only. However, the results of thesetests may be extrapolated to smaller or larger size separatorsprovided that applicable geometric and dynamic similitude aremaintained. Where the use of extrapolation is not applicable,that size unit must be subjected to testing.4.3 Other concentrations
32、and quantities of hydrocarbonsmay be used. However, this shall be noted in the report andwhen referencing this practice.4.4 For the purpose of this test, the water temperatureshould be between 50F and 70F and the pH of the waterbetween 6 and 9.5. Significance and Use5.1 The Clean Water Act promulgat
33、ed the implementationof water quality standards and contamination limits for a widerange of pollutants including oil and grease. Specifically, theUSEPA, in 40 CFR Ch. 1, prohibits “the discharges of oil thatcause a film or sheen upon or cause discoloration of the surfaceof the water. . .” Several st
34、ate and local agencies have adoptedthis statement in addition to setting concentration limits, that is,15 mg/L or even 5 mg/L. The purpose of this practice is toevaluate the performance of a separator in regards to the3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AS
35、TM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.5Available from United States Environmental Prot
36、ection Agency (EPA), ArielRios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, http:/www.epa.gov6Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.D6157 97 (2011)2regulations and user requirements when subject to a suddenrelease. The s
37、udden release may occur in dry weather and localpersonnel may attempt to hose the contaminated area down orit may occur on a rainy day and enter the separator mixed inwith the runoff.5.2 This practice is not applicable if the influent to aseparator is simply runoff from contaminated rainwater. Forth
38、is case, see Practice D6104.5.3 This practice is not applicable if the influent to aseparator is conveyed by a pumping means.6. Test Set-Up and Apparatus6.1 Water SupplyThe water supply can be either a watermain, a water reservoir and a pump, or an elevated storage tankcapable of providing the volum
39、e and flow rate of waternecessary for a test run as described in the procedure. If eithera storage tank or reservoir is used, it is suggested that thevolume be at least three times the liquid volume of theseparator.6.1.1 Flow Totalizer or Sight GlassThe water supplyshould be equipped with a calibrat
40、ed means of indicating thetotal volume of water dispensed, that is, a flow totalizer or asight glass. The selected device should be within 5 % accuracy.6.1.2 Flow Rate IndicatorThe water supply must also beequipped with a calibrated means of controlling and indicatingthe flow rate, i.e., throttling
41、valve and flow meter, orifice plates,or venturis, to within 5 % of the desired value.6.2 Oil SupplyThe oil supply can be either a reservoirwith a pump or an elevated storage tank. It should be largeenough to store the quantity of oil required for the test.6.2.1 Flow Totalizer or Sight GlassThe oil s
42、torage tankshould be equipped with a calibrated sight glass or flowtotalizer. The selected device should be within 5 % accuracy.6.2.2 Flow Rate IndicatorThe oil supply should also beequipped with a calibrated means of controlling and indicatingthe flow rate, that is, throttling valve and flow meter,
43、 orificeplates, or venturis, to within 5 % of the desired value.NOTE 2If the separator is to be fed by gravity, the oil storage tankmust be elevated above the water storage tank and the piping sized so asto help equalize static head. Elevating the oil storage tank 20 % higherthan the water storage t
44、ank may help equalize hydrostatic head betweenthe oil and water tanks by adjusting for the difference in specific gravity.6.3 SeparatorA separator with an outlet pipe extendingfar enough to allow grab sampling as described in D3370.6.4 MixerA means for mixing the hydrocarbons with thewater consistin
45、g of a commercially available horizontal PVCpipe section with a minimum surface roughness of 0.000 15 cm(0.000 005 ft) having a length of at least 20 diameters with oneend connected directly to the inlet of the separator. An oilinjection port shall be provided at the other end of the pipe andat its
46、bottom portion and shall not extend into the pipe morethan one third its diameter in order to prevent stratification7.The pipe diameter shall be selected such that it runs full and ata Reynolds number, based on its hydraulic diameter, in excessof 70 000 and a velocity in excess of 1 m/s (3.28 ft/s)
47、withwater being the liquid medium. The injection port diametershall be sized to be capable of providing the hydrocarbons intothe pipe, at the higher test concentration, an injection velocityapproximately in excess of 1 m/s.6.5 Influent Sampling PortAn influent sampling port fortemperature and pH rea
48、ding. (If on-line temperature and pHreaders are not available, a small sample should be extractedand the temperature read immediately at the beginning of everytest. pH analysis may be performed at a later time.)7. Procedure7.1 The separator shall be tested at its rated flow and storagecapacities for
49、 the sudden release test conditions.7.2 The Sudden Release:7.2.1 Pure Hydrocarbon ReleaseThe volume of the purehydrocarbon shall be at least equal to the rated storage capacityof the separator and shall be released at the rated flow followedimmediately by three volume changes of clean water.7.2.2 500 000 mg/L ReleaseThe 500 000 mg/L of hydro-carbon constituting 10 % of the volume of the separator mixedwith water shall be released at the rated flow and immediatelyfollowed by three volume changes of clean water. The separa-tor shall contain
