1、Designation: D 6161 05Standard TerminologyUsed for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration andReverse Osmosis Membrane Processes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6161; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers the use of microfiltration,ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and rev
3、erse osmosis for membraneseparation processes.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 2035 Practice for Coagulation-Flocculation Jar Test ofWaterD 3739 Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of theLangalier Saturation Index for Reverse OsmosisD 4582 Practice
4、 for Calculation and Adjustment of the Stiffand Davis Stability Index for Reverse Osmosis3. Significance and Use3.1 The need to understand the relationships found inmembrane unit processes for water treatment increases with thecontinuing demand for these separation systems. Defining theterms common
5、to microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltrationand reverse osmosis processes assist the manufacturer, consult-ant and end-user in eliminating inter-process terminologyconfusion. This standard expands the definitions found inTerminology D 1129.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:absolute filter ratingp
6、article size above which 100 % ofparticles that are trapped on or within the filter medium.absorptionthe release for desorption holding of a substancewithin a solid by cohesive or capillary forces.accumulatora pulsation dampener installed on the suctionand/or discharge lines of pumps, generally plun
7、ger type, tominimize pressure surges and provide uniformity of flow.accuracythe closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value. Where an acceptedreference value is not available, accuracy is a description ofa measure of the degree of conformity of a value generatedby
8、 a specific procedure to the assumed or accepted truevalue, including both precision and bias.aciditythe quantitative capacity of aqueous media to reactwith hydroxyl ions.activated carbongranulated or powdered activated carbonused to remove tastes, odor, chlorine, chloramines, and someorganics from
9、water. A family of carbonaceous substancesmanufactured by processes that develop adsorptive proper-ties.adsorptionthe holding of a substance onto the surface of asolid by chemical surface forces, without forming newchemical bonds.aerobic bacteriabacteria that require oxygen for growth.See bacteria,
10、aerobes.aggregategranular material such as sand, gravel, crushedstone.air headerthe pipe running within a cassette that distributesthe air to the individual modules or aerators.air scourdistributing air over the entire area at the bottom ofa filter media flowing upward or immersed membrane toimprove
11、 the effectiveness of filtration or backwashing or topermit the use of lower backwash water flow rate, or both.air strippingremoval of volatile substances from a watersolution by passing a gas through the solution.algaea major group of lower plants, generally aquatic,photosynthetic of extremely vari
12、ed morphology and physi-ology, mono cellular plants with chlorophyll often maskedby a brown or red pigment.alkalinitythe quantitative capacity of aqueous media to reactwith hydrogen ions. “M” alkalinity is that which will reactwith acid as the pH of the sample is reduced to themethylorange endpoint
13、of about 4.5. “P” alkalinity is thatwhich reacts with acid as the pH of the sample is reduced tothe phenolphthalein end point of 8.3.“ M” is the total1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion
14、Exchange Materials.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published July 2005. Originally approvedin 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 616198.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of A
15、STMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.alkalinity which is the sum of hydroxide, carbonate, andbicarbonate contents, “P” includ
16、es all the hydroxyl and halfthe carbonate content.alumaluminum sulfate, AL2(SO4)3XH2O (X = 14-18), acoagulant.ambient temperaturethe temperature of the surroundings,generally assumed to be 20 25C.amorphousnon crystalline, devoid of regular cohesivestructure.anaerobic bacteriabacteria that do not use
17、 oxygen. Oxygenis toxic to them. See bacteria, anaerobes.amphotericcapable of acting as an acid or a base.angstrom (A)a unit of length equaling 1010metres, 104metres, 108centimetres and 3.937 3 109in. The symbolis , A or A.U. .anionnegatively charged ion.anion exchange materiala material capable of
18、the revers-ible exchange of negatively charged ions.anion exchange membranemembrane containing fixed cat-ionic charges and mobile anions that can be exchanged withother anions present in an external fluid in contact with themembrane.anisotropic membranea non-uniform structure in cross-section; typic
19、ally the support substructure has pores muchlarger than the barrier layer. See asymmetric membranes.anodepositive electrode.anionic polyelectrolyteusually acrylamide or acrylamideand acrylic copolymers, negatively charged, used forcoagulation/flocculation. See Polyelectrolyte.anthracitea granular ha
20、rd coal used as a filtration media,commonly used as the coarser layer in dual and multimediafilters.antifoulantsee antiscalant.antiscalanta compound added to a water which inhibits theprecipitation of sparingly soluble inorganic salts.anti-telescoping devicea plastic or metal device attached tothe e
21、nds of a spiral wound cartridge to prevent movement ofthe cartridge leaves in the feed flow direction, due to highfeed flows.AOCassimilable organic carbon.aquifera water-bearing geological formation that provides aground water reservoir.aramida fully aromatic polyamide.arrayan arrangement of devices
22、 connected to common feed,product and reject headers; that is, a 2:1 array.asymmetric membranemembrane which has a change inpore structure. See anisotropic membranes.ATDsee anti-telescoping device.atomic weightthe relative mass of an atom based on a scalein which a specific carbon atom (carbon 12) i
23、s assigned amass value of 12.ATPadenosine triphosphate.autopsythe dissection of a membrane module or element toinvestigate causes of unsatisfactory performance.availabilitythe on-stream time or rated operating capacity ofa water treatment system.a-valuemembrane water permeability coefficient. The co
24、ef-ficient is defined as the amount of water produced per unitarea of membrane per unit of net driving pressure (NDP);units of measurement are m3/hr/m2/kPa.AWWAAmerican Water Works Association.AWWARFAmerican Water Works Association ResearchFoundation.backflushtemporary reversal of the permeate or re
25、tentateflow.backpulsepumping treated water with or without addedchemicals in the reversed direction from the lumen to thefeed side of the membrane (inside-out).backwashreversing the flow of water with/without air eitheracross or through a medium or membrane. Designed toremove the collected foreign m
26、aterial from the bed ormembranes.bacteriaany of a class of microscopic single-celled organ-isms reproducing by fission or by spores. Characterized byround, rod-like, spiral, or filamentous bodies, often aggre-gated into colonies or mobile by means of flagella. Widelydispersed in soil, water, organic
27、 matter, and the bodies ofplants and animals. Either autotrophic (self-sustaining, self-generative), saprophytic (derives nutrition from non-livingorganic material already present in the environment), orparasitic (deriving nutrition from another living organism).Often symbiotic (advantageous) in man
28、, but sometimespathogenic.bactericideagent capable of killing bacteria.bacteriostatsubstance that prevents bacterial growth andmetabolism but does not necessarily kill them.bafflea deflector plate in a vessel that disperses the inletfluid.banka grouping of devices. See array, block, train.barunit of
29、 pressure; 14.50 lbs/in.2, 1.020 kg/cm2, 0.987 atm,0.1 MPa.BATbest available technology.baume scale,Bea measure of the density of a solutionrelative to water.BE 5 145 2145specific gravity*United States for densities greater than unity.BE 5140specific gravity*2 130For densities less than unity.*at 60
30、Fbed depththe depth of the filter medium or ion exchangeresin in a vessel.bed expansionthe depth increase of filter medium or ionexchange resin that occurs during backwashing.bindersin reference to cartridge filters, chemicals used tohold, or 8bind, short fibers together in a filter.bindingin surfac
31、e filtration, a build-up of particulates on thefilter, restricting fluid flow through the filter at normalpressures.biocidea substance that kills all living organisms.biological depositsthe debris left by organisms as a result oftheir life processes.biomassany material which is or was a living organ
32、ism orexcreted from a micro-organism.D6161052bioremediationthe biological degradation treatment ofwaste sludge and soils to breakdown organic and hydrocar-bons.biostata substance that inhibits biological growth.bipolar membranesynthetic membrane containing two op-positely charged ion-exchange layers
33、 that are in contact witheach other.blocka grouping of devices in a single unit having commoncontrol. See array, bank, train.BOD (biochemical oxygen demand)the amount of dis-solved oxygen utilized by natural agencies in water instabilizing organic matter at specified test conditions.body feedthe con
34、tinuous addition of filter medium (forexample, diatomaceous earth) to sustain the efficacy of thefilter.BOObuild, own, operate.BOOTbuild, own, operate and transfer.boundary layera thin layer at the membrane surface wherewater velocities are significantly less than those in the bulkflow.brackish wate
35、rwater with an approximate concentration oftotal dissolved solids ranging from 500 to 10 000 mg/L. Seehigh brackish water, potable water, sea water.breakpoint chlorinationthe point at which the water chlo-rine demand is satisfied and any further chlorine is thechlorine residual, the “free” chlorine
36、species.break tanka storage device used for hydraulic isolation andsurge protection.brinethe concentrate (reject) stream from a crossflow mem-brane device performing desalination. Portion of the feedstream which does not pass through the membrane.brine (concentrate) seala rubber lip seal on the outs
37、ide of aspiral wound cartridge which prevents feed by-pass betweenthe cartridge and the inside pressure vessel wall.brine seal carriersee ATD.brine system staginga process in which the concentrate,under pressure, of a group of membrane devices is feddirectly to another set of membrane devices to imp
38、rove theefficiency of the water separation.bubble pointpressure differential at which bubbles firstappear on one surface of an immersed porous membrane asgas pressure is applied to the other side.bubble point pressurethe pressure differential necessary todisplace a liquid held by surface tension for
39、ces from thelargest equivalent capillaries in a membrane filter.bubble point testa nondestructive membrane filter test usedto assess filter integrity and proper installation.buffera substance in solution that accepts hydrogen orhydroxyl ions added to the solution minimizing a change inpH.bundlea gen
40、eral term for a collection of parallel filaments orfibres.B-valuesalt diffusion coefficientdefined as the amount ofsalt transferred per unit area of membrane per unit ofconcentration difference across the membrane. A unit ofmeasurement is m/h or more specifically, m3/m2/h.BWRObrackish water reverse
41、osmosis.CACcombined available chlorine.cagea structural fabrication fitted around the perimeter of thecassette with one or more lifting eye suitable for installing orremoving the cassetter. The four bottom corners of the cagerest within the frame in the tank.cake layerlayer comprised of particulate
42、materials residingon the upstream face of a membrane.calcium carbonate equivalents (mg/Las CaCO3)a methodfor expressing mg/L as ion in terms of calcium carbonate.Concentration in calcium carbonate equivalents is calculatedby multiplying concentration in mg/L of the ion by theequivalent weight of cal
43、cium carbonate (50) and dividing bythe equivalent weight of the ion. (See Table 1).carbonate hardnessthe hardness in a water caused bycarbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. Theamount of hardness equivalent to the alkalinity formed anddeposited when water is boiled. In boilers, carbona
44、te hard-ness is readily removed by blowdown.calcium hypochloriteCa (HCIO)2, a disinfection agent.cartridgesee spiral-wound cartridge.cassettean assembly of membrane elements (or modules),membrane aerators, air and permeate manifolds, and hard-ware in the cage; this is how the membranes are installed
45、 orremoved from the process tank.catalysta substance whose presence initiates or changes therate of a chemical reaction, but does not itself enter into thereaction.TABLE 1 Conversion FactorsA,Bmg/l mg/l Clark or Grain per French German EPM Atomicas Ion as CaCO3English Degree US Gallon Degree Degree
46、MEQ/L WeightCa+ 2.495 0.175 0.0583 0.250 0.140 0.0499 40.08Mg+ 4.112 0.288 0.0583 0.411 0.231 0.0823 24.32Na+ 2.175 0.152 0.0583 0.218 0.122 0.0435 22.99K+ 1.279 0.089 0.0583 0.128 0.072 0.0256 39.10Sr+ 1.141 0.080 0.0583 0.114 0.064 0.0288 87.63Ba+ 0.728 0.051 0.0583 0.073 0.041 0.0146 137.36Fe+ 1.
47、791 0.125 0.0583 0.179 0.101 0.0358 55.85HCO30.819 0.057 0.0583 0.082 0.046 0.0164 61.02SO41.041 0.073 0.0583 0.104 0.058 0.0208 96.07Cl1.410 0.098 0.0583 0.141 0.079 0.0282 35.46F2.632 0.184 0.0583 0.263 0.148 0.0526 19.00NO30.806 0.056 0.0583 0.081 0.045 0.0161 62.00CO31.666 0.117 0.0583 0.167 0.0
48、94 0.0323 60.01PO41.579 0.110 0.0583 0.158 0.089 0.0316 94.98ATo convert from mg/l as ion to any other unit multiply by factor.BTo convert to mg/l as ion from any other unit divide by factor.D6161053cathodenegative electrode.cationpositively charged ion.cation exchange materiala material capable of
49、the revers-ible exchange of positively charged ions.cation exchange membranemembrane containing fixedanionic charges and mobile cations that can be exchangedwith other cations present in an external fluid in contact withthe membrane.cationic polyelectrolytea polymer containing positivelycharged groups used for coagulation/flocculation, usuallydimethyl - aminoethyl methacrylate or dimethyl-aminoethylacrylate. See polyelectrolyte.cellulosean amorphous carbohyd
