1、Designation: D 6168 97 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide forSelection of Minimum Set of Data Elements Required toIdentify Locations Chosen for Field Collection ofInformation to Describe Soil, Rock, and Their ContainedFluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6168; the number immedia
2、tely following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This g
3、uide2covers factors to consider for the selectionof the minimum set of data elements required for the accuratelocation and cataloging of information collected for geologicalscience (geoscience) investigations, which includes geoecol-ogy.1.1.1 Geoscience investigations include soil surveys, foun-dati
4、on investigations, geologic studies, hydrologic evaluations,environmental appraisals, contamination inquiries, archaeo-logical surveys, and other studies that involve the soil, rock,and contained fluids from the lands surface to any exploreddepth underground.1.2 A unique geoscience data location, on
5、 or below theearths surface, can be described by X, Y, and Z coordinatesand by that method establish the dimensional relationship todata of a similar nature. Additional location informationneeded depends upon the type of geoscience data collectionlocality.1.2.1 The basic type is a single position de
6、scribed by finiteX, Y, and Z coordinates. The X, Y, and Z coordinates uniquelyposition the location on or below the earths surface.NOTE 1An example is the latitude and longitude in horizontalcoordinates and the altitude (or elevation) in vertical distance of aground-water location or site. Data coll
7、ected at the site, for example, waterlevels, are measured by the vertical interval as referenced to the altitude.1.2.2 Another type of location is described by finite X andY coordinates that has multiple vertically positioned Z coordi-nates. This is equivalent to the location type described in 1.2.1
8、,except that multiple vertical dimensions are stated as Zcoordinates, rather than vertical intervals.NOTE 2An example is latitude, longitude, and multiple altitudes of asoil sampling location or site. Each altitude represents a different samplingposition that has the same latitude and longitude coor
9、dinate. The upperand lower limit of a sampling interval can be expressed by altitudes.1.2.3 Another type is a location described by finite X and Ycoordinates with multiple Z coordinates that are not verticallyoriented from X and Y coordinates.NOTE 3An example is a slanted borehole where the top is a
10、t adifferent latitude and longitude coordinate than the sampling positions inthe hole. Methods of describing these sampling points are: treat eachposition as a separate location with finite latitude, longitude, and altitudevalues; describe the horizontal deviation of the sampling point from thefinit
11、e latitude and longitude coordinates at the top of the borehole.1.2.4 Another type is a location with considerable horizon-tal dimension that cannot be described by a finite X and Ycoordinate, however, a single Z coordinate may be acceptable.NOTE 4Examples are sinkholes, waste disposal pits, septic
12、systems,underground injection facilities, mines, archaeological sites, and someponds or lakes. These locations can be described by including additionalinformation that gives the horizontal components of the location alongwith the latitude, longitude, and altitude coordinates or by multiple sets ofX
13、and Y coordinates that encompass the location.1.3 Additional key data elements are needed to simplify theidentification and cataloging of the geoscience data.1.3.1 These elements describe political entities, datasources, and individual characteristics of the location.NOTE 5The data assist in file or
14、ganization by placing the informationinto logical categories and to further identify the geoscience location byuse of familiar terminology. A carefully designed minimum set of dataelements contributes to the recoverability and the future value of the entiredata file.1.4 This standard does not purpor
15、t to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of
16、 informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This guide cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professional1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Su
17、bcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 6168 - 97e1.2As defined by ASTMa guide is a series of options or instructions that do notrecommend a spec
18、ific course of action. The purpose of a guide is to offer guidance,based on a consensus of view-points, but not to establish a fixed procedure.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.judgment. Not all aspects of this guide ma
19、y be applicable in allcircumstances. This guide is not intended to represent orreplace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a givenprofessional service must be judged, nor should this guide beapplied without consideration of a projects many uniqueaspects. The word “Standard” in the title of
20、 this documentmeans only that the document has been approved through theASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering, De-sign, and Construction PurposesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 2487 Classi
21、fication of Soils for Engineering Purposes(Unified Soil Classification System)D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 2607 Classification of Peats, Mosses, Humus, and Re-lated Products4D 3282 Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixturesfor Highway
22、 Construction PurposesD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4083 Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting
23、SoilSamplesD 4427 Classification of Peat Samples by Laboratory Test-ingD 4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water MonitoringWellsD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 4879 Guide for Geotechnical Mapping of Large Under-ground Openings in RockD 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of G
24、roundWater Monitoring Wells in AquifersD 5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water SiteD 5299 Guide for the Decommissioning of Ground WaterWells, Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, andOther Devices for Environmental ActivitiesD 5408 Guide for Set of Data Elemen
25、ts to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part OneAdditional IdentificationDescriptorsD 5409 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part TwoPhysical DescriptorsD 5410 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part ThreeUsage DescriptorsD 5434 Guide for Field Log
26、ging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and RockD 5474 Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Ground-Water InvestigationsD 5730 Guide for Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zoneand Ground WaterD 5911 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to
27、Identify a Soil Sampling Site3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Except as listed or noted below, all defini-tions are in accordance with Terminology D 653. Additionaldefinitions are in References (1-17).5See Guide D 420, Clas-sification D 2487, Practice D 2488, Classifications D 2607 andD 3282, Practice
28、s D 3740, D 4083, and D 4220, ClassificationD 4427, Guides D 4448, D 4700, and D 4879, Practice D 5092,and Guides D 5299 and D 5434.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 altitudethe vertical distance, in feet (or metres), of alevel, a point, or an object considered as a point, abo
29、ve orbelow a reference datum surface, usually mean sea level. TheZ coordinate for geoscience locations. The term elevation hasbeen used synonymously with altitude in some segments of thegeoscience discipline.3.2.2 geological scienceany of the subdisciplinary spe-cialties that are part of the science
30、 of geology; for example,geophysics, geochemistry, paleontology, petrology, etc. Theterm is commonly used in the plural (1).3.2.3 geosciencea short form, sometimes used in theplural, denoting the collective disciplines of the geologicalsciences (1).3.2.4 geoscience locationa geographic area or singl
31、epoint where geoscience data are collected and can be uniquelypositioned by X, Y, and Z coordinates at the location or somepoint within the location.3.2.5 key data elementsas used in this guide, informationthat is essential for the accurate location and cataloging ofinformation collected for geoscie
32、nce investigations.3.2.6 latitudethe coordinate representation that indicateslocations on the surface of the earth using the earths equatoras the respective latitudinal origin. The X coordinate forgeoscience locations.3.2.7 longitudethe coordinate representation that indi-cates locations on the surf
33、ace of the earth using the primemeridian (Greenwich, England) as the longitudinal origin. TheY coordinate for geoscience locations.4. Significance and Use4.1 Adequately documented geoscience data are beneficialto studies utilizing traditional and computer technology forconducting resource surveys an
34、d in analyzing environmentalconcerns.4.1.1 Geoscience data that include the standard coordinatespinpoint the location of the information on or below the earthssurface and by that establish the dimensional relationship todata of a similar nature (see 5.2).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the AST
35、M website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.5The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of the text.
36、D 6168 97 (2004)2NOTE 6Some investigations destroy the sample in the process. Assuch, the information cannot be duplicated by resampling. The data andthe original location of the tested sample may be the only remaining result.4.1.2 Geoscience data that include “key” information has anenhanced capabi
37、lity for acceptable verification, as each addi-tional data item strengthens the uniqueness for singular iden-tification.4.1.2.1 Key data categories included for unique identifica-tion of the geoscience information consist of political regimes,source of data, and location characteristics (see 5.3).4.
38、2 Use of a standardized minimum set of data elements byproject investigators increase the usefulness of the geoscienceinformation, in that the material can more easily be inter-changed.4.2.1 Data verification, essential in quality control, can bemore routine when geoscience locations are accurately
39、identi-fied.4.2.2 Key items allow for ease of selection by placing thegeoscience data into logical categories, such as counties,resource extraction locations, and source agencies.4.2.3 Data files organized by use of key data elements,whether stored in cabinets or a computer file, are less compli-cat
40、ed to find.4.2.4 Geoscience data are usually collected for an ongoingproject, however, the value is greatly increased when these dataare available for future studies.5. Documentation5.1 IntroductionThe list of “minimum set of data ele-ments” varies depending upon the type of geoscience informa-tion.
41、 The differences are in the sections “coordinates andrelated data” and “individual location characteristics” (see Fig.1) (18-21).5.2 Coordinates and Related DataThis category allowsthe geoscience location to be positioned on the earths surfaceand subsurface by universally recognized coordinates andn
42、umerical dimensions. Each coordinate system should beidentified and accompanied by a precision or accuracy value.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has guid-ance documents concerning their policy for locating data pointsor sites. Publication “Representation of Geographic PointLocations f
43、or Information Interchange,” FIPS PUB 70-1 con-tains additional guidance (22-25) (See Practices D 5254 andD 5911).5.2.1 X-CoordinateUniversally latitude, however, mostcoordinate systems are convertible to latitude (See PracticesD 5254 and D 5911).5.2.2 Y-CoordinateUniversally longitude, however, mos
44、tcoordinate systems are convertible to longitude (See PracticesD 5254 and D 5911).5.2.3 Z-CoordinateAltitude (elevation) or other systemthat can be related to mean sea level (See Practices D 5254 andD 5911).5.2.4 Horizontal DimensionsInformation required for ageoscience location that cannot be compl
45、etely described by theX and Y coordinate position.5.2.4.1 Size MeasurementsDistance, in feet or metres,from the X and Y coordinate position for length and width ofthe geoscience location.5.2.4.2 Offset AnglesAngle and bearing from the X and Ycoordinate position for slanted holes, outcrop slopes, min
46、eexcavations, etc.5.3 Political Entities:NOTE 7Political entities or regimes are established by a governmentalagency (national or local) for the purpose of regulating a land area.5.3.1 IntroductionA description of the governmental di-visions helps in the identification and organization of data forge
47、oscience locations. The divisions for the United States(below Federal) are state, county, and local. (18-21, 26-28)(See Practices D 5254 and D 5911).NOTE 8For countries other than the United States, present thedivisions needed for detailed identification.5.3.2 State or Equivalent:5.3.2.1 StateThis i
48、s the first political subdivision belowthe federal. These can be named provinces, districts, posses-sions, territories, or even counties.NOTE 9The country name may be required when the file of geo-science data are located in more than one nation.5.3.3 County or Equivalent:5.3.3.1 County or ParishIn
49、the United States, this is thesubdivision below the state level. In Alaska, this subdivision isborough or census area. Some states (Maryland, Missouri,Nevada, and Virginia) have independent cities.NOTE 10A local subdivision may be needed to adequately describethe geoscience location, such as city, town, village, municipality, town-ship, or borough.5.4 Source Identifiers:NOTE 11Source identifiers are information about a location or sitethat assists in describing the origin or ownership of the data.5.4.1 IntroductionEach data element contributes to
